;'/Iffdf a]jf:tf ul/Psf] kf6f] M jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff /
g]kfnn] ug'{ kg]{
sfdx?
8f= lji0f' /fh pk|]tL [1]
!= kl/j]z
æjftfj/0fLo
;'/IffÆ ljsl;t b]zx?df kof{Kt Wofg lbPsf], gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] /
y'k|} cg';Gwfg eP klg ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf vf;} jf:tf gul/Psf] t/ dflg;sf]
;'/Iffdf k|ToIf k|efj kfl//x]sf] / eljiodf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] :j?kdf hLjgsf] cl:yTj;+u
hf]l8Psf] ;jfn xf] . jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff eg]sf] æjftfj/0f, kof{j/0f, hnjfo' tyf
df};dsf] k|efj / dfgjLo lqmofsnfk / k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] sf/0f l;lh{t ;|f]tx?sf]
;+s6, dxfdf/L nufotsf hf]lvdx¿ af6 ;[lht c;'/Iffaf6 ;'/lIft /xg ckgfO{g] cjwf/0ff, k|s[of / cEof;sf]
;du| :j¿k xf]Æ -Upreti,
2013_ . o;nfO{ dfgjLo ;'/Iffsf] cleGg c+usf] ?kdf lnOPsf] 5 (UNDP, 1987 and 1994) .
jftfj/0fLo
hf]lvdsf] kl5Nnf] :j¿k hnjfo' kl/jt{g / o;n] ;+;f/e/ l;h{gf u/]sf] tgfj /
lrGtfsf] ?kdf k|s6 ePsf] 5 . cltj[li6, cgfj[li6, s';dodf jiff{ / lxdkft, lxdkft
klUnP/ tNnf] t6Lo If]qdf kf/]sf] k|efj, nfdf] / hl6n k|s[ltsf] v8]/L / o;n] l;h{gf
u/]sf] ef]sd/L, h}ljs ljljwtfsf] nf]k, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cg'lrt bf]xg / o;df
u}/lhDd]jf/ k|s[ltsf] k|ltikwf{sf sf/0f l;h{gf ePsf] tgfj, tLj|
cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf sf/0f pTkGg k|b"if0fn] jfo'd08ndf kf/]sf] k|efj / cf]hf]g
tx Iflt eO l;h{gf ePsf] hl6ntf, cDnLo jiff{, ;d'›L lsgf/df /x]sf a+unfb]z,
>Ln+sf h:tf b]zx?df ;d'› ;tx a9L l;h{gf ePsf] / eljiodf x'g] 8'afg, zlQm
/fi6«x?sf] ;}lgs k|ltikwf{ / cf0fljs xftxltof/df nufgL, cf0fljs phf{, k|fs[lts
t]n, k]6«f]lnod nufot / Uof;sf] clwstd k|of]uaf6 l;h{gf ePsf] k|b'if0f cflbsf sf/0f
dfgjsf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf dfq geO{ dfgj cl:tTjd} ;+s6 cfpg nfu]sf] ljleGg cg';Gwfgn] b]vfPsf] 5g\ -Mulligan, 2010; Upreti et al, 2013; 2015; IPPC
Report 2021_ . vf;u/L cNk ljsl;t, ljsf;f]Gd'v / dxf;fu/Lo t6Lo b]zx?sf
;LdfGtLs[t tyf ljkGg jif{sf gful/sx?sf] hLjg ;+s6df kg]{ vt/f
5 . of] jtfjf/0fLo / dfgjLo ;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 xfn;Dds} ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;'/Iff r'gf}tL xf] h'g g ;}lgs ann]
;Daf]wg ug{ ;S5, g s'g} b]zsf] Psn k|of;n] . ljZj:t/sf] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu
ljZjsf ;a} b]zx? / To;df klg zlQm ;DkGg b]zx?n] a9L lhDd]jf/Lsf ;fy e"ldsf
v]Ng'kg]{ oyfy{ ;g\ @)!( l8;]Da/b]lv rLgsf] x'jfgaf6 km}lnPsf] sf]/f]gf
efO/;sf] dxfdf/Ln] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 -Sharma and Upreti,
2021_ .
zlQm /fi6«sf]
cf}Bf]lusLs/0fsf sf/0f sdhf]/ /fi6«x? jftfj/0fLo c;'/Iffaf6 u'lh|g' k/]sf]
oyfy{ af/] ;+;f/e/ w]/} ax; eO/x]sf] 5 . jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff /fi6«sf] k|fyldstfdf
gkbf{ w]/} b]zx? k|b"if0fsf] df/df kl//x]sf 5g -Upreti
et al. 2015; NATO, 999) . j8{ kk'n];g
l/Eo' @)@! sf cg';f/ ;+;f/s} ;a}eGbf k|b'lift b]zx?sf ;"rLdf /x]sf !)
k|d'v b]zx?df a+unfb]z, kfls:tfg, d+uf]nLof, ckmuflg:tfg, ef/t, OG8f]g]l;of,
ax/fOg, g]kfn, pHj]ls:tfg / O/fs /x]sf 5g[2] . oL
b]zx?sf] cj:yf o:tf] x'g'df k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?dfly u}ÅlhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ bf]xg, Jfftfj/0fLo
ljgf; lgoGq0f ug]{ sfg"gL,
;:yfut ;+/rgf / ;|f]tsf] sdhf]/ l:ylt, clt lkmtnf] / zlSt s]lGb|t sfo{Gjog, ljb]lzx?sf]
tL b]zdf /x]sf k|fs[lts ;|f]tx?dflysf] df]x, jftfj/0fLo s';fzgh:tf sf/0fx? Kf|d'v
/x]sf 5g .
|
tflnsf
!M jftfj/0fLo If]qdf ;a}eGbf /fd|f] sfd u/]sf b]zx? |
|||
|
b]z |
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O=kL=cfO
-EPI_ k|fKtf+s |
!) jif]{
kl/jt{g[3] (10
year change) |
|
8]gdfs{ |
! |
*@=% |
&=# |
|
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!!=^ |
|
l:jh/Nof08 |
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|
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|
;|f]tM Wending et al., 2020,
P.4 |
|||
;+;f/e/ g;g]{
/f]uaf6 &@ k|ltzt dflg; d/]sf / tL dWo] !^ k|ltzt ljiffQm
k|b"if0fsf sf/0f d/]sf] tYo ;g\ @)@! sf] j8{ kk'n];g l/Eo'df pNn]v 5[4]
. jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff / dfgj ;'/Iffsf] ;DaGw slt cGof]Gofl>t 5 eGg] k|df0f xf]
of] .
;g\ @)@) sf]
jftfj/0fLo ;"rf+s -Environment
Performance Index_ sf cg';f/ jftfj/0fLo ;'/IffnfO{ dxTj lbg] !% k|d'v
/fi6«x?df qmdz 8]gdfs{ -!÷!*)_, nSh]Dau{ -@÷!*)_, l:jh/Nof08 -#÷!*)_, a]nfot
-$÷!*)_, k|mfG; -%÷!*)_, cl:6«of -^÷!*)_, lkmgNof08 -&÷!*)_, l:j8]g
-*÷!*)_, gj]{ -(÷!*)_, hd{gL -!)÷!*)_, g]b/Nof08 -!!÷!*)_, hfkfg -!@÷!*)_, c:6«]lnof
-!#÷!*)_, :k]g -!$÷!*)_ / a]lNhod -!%÷!*)_ /x]sf 5g . jftfj/0fLo c;'/Iff hf]lvd /fd|/L a'em]sf] gLlt
lgdf{tf, ;r]t cfd gful/s / kof{Kt cWoog cg';Gwfgdf nufgL u/L k|df0fsf] cfwf/df
gLlt agfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ cEof;sf] sf/0f oL b]zx? jftfj/0fLo ;"rsf+sdf
cAan ePsf x'g\ .
csf]{tkm{ jftfj/0fLo
;'/IffnfO{ ;a}eGbf a]jf:tf ug]{ k|d'v !% b]zx?df nfO{a]l/of -!*)÷!*)_, Dofgdf/
-!&(÷!*)_, ckmuflg:tfg
-!&*÷!*)_, l;o/flnjg -!&&÷!*)_, cfO{ef]/Lsf]i6 -!&^÷!*)_, lugL
-!&%÷!*)_, df8fuf:s/ -!&$÷!*)_, ;f]nf]dg 6fk' -!&#÷!*)_, rf8
-!&@÷!*)_, x}6L -!&)÷!*)_, a'?08L -!^(÷!*)_, ef/t -!^*÷!*)_, 3fgf
-!^&÷!*)_, dfpl/l6lgof -!^&÷!*)_, uflDjof -!^^÷!*)_ / n];f]yf]
-!^%÷!*)_ /x]sf 5g . g]kfn !*) b]z dWo] !$% cf}+ >]0fLdf 5 (Wendling, et al. 2020; Table 1) . o;sf] cy{ xf]
xfdLn] jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iffdf kof{Kt Wofg lbPsf 5}gf}+ .
|
tflnsf @M z}GoIf]qdf
;a}eGbf a9L vr{ ug]{ b]zx? |
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|
>]0fL |
b]z |
vr{ -$B_ @)@) |
r]Gh Ü |
s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] vr{sf] efu -Ü_b |
ljZjsf] efu Ü |
|||
|
@)@) |
@)!(a |
@)!(–@) |
@)!!–@) |
@)@) |
@)!! |
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|
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;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf |
&&* |
$=$ |
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#=& |
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|
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[@%@] |
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|
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|
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;+o'Qm clw/fHo |
%(=@ |
@=( |
–$=@ |
@=@ |
@=% |
#=) |
|
zLif{ % sf] pks"n
(subtotal) |
!@@$ |
== |
== |
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== |
^@ |
||
|
^ |
% |
;fpbL c/a |
[%&=%] |
–!) |
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hfkfg |
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blIf0f sf]l/of |
$%=& |
$=( |
$! |
@=* |
@=% |
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|
zLif{ !) sf] pks"n
(subtotal) |
!$*@ |
== |
== |
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=== |
&% |
||
|
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a|flhn |
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|
zLif{ !% sf] pks"n
(subtotal) |
!^)# |
== |
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||
;|f]tM Silva
et al, (2021:p1)
tflnsf ! cg';f/
;g\ @)@) df ;+;f/sf ;a}eGbf a9L ;}lgs ;'/Iffdf vr{ ug]{ b]zx?df qmdzM cd]l/sf
-&&* ljlnog 8n/_, rLg -@%@ lj= 8n/_, ef/t -&@( lj= 8n/_, ?;
-^!&_, a]nfot -%(@_, ;fpbL c/]laof -%&%_, hd{gL -%@*_, k|mfG;
-%@&_, hfkfg -$(!_, blIf0f sf]l/of -$%&_, O6fnL -@*(_, c:6«]lnof -@&%_
/ Sofgf8f -@@* ljlnog 8n/_ /x]sf 5g\ . of] tYon] s] b]vfp5 eg] Psftkm{ ;+;f/sf]
@ ltxfO{ hgtf hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f jftfj/0fLo c;'/Iff / qf;bLdf afRg'
kfl//x]sf] 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ aflif{s ?kd} v/af} ljlnog 8n/ dfgj ljgf;sf/L
xltof/df b]zn] dfq} vr{ ul//x]sf 5g .
cf0fljs xltof/sf]
k|lt:kwf{ tLa| eO/x]sf] (ICAN
2020) kl/k|]Ifdf
;a} b]zn] cf0fljs xltof/df vr{ u/]sf] aflif{s /sd hf]8\g] xf] eg] xHhf/f} ljlnog
8n/ k'Ug] 5 . jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iffdf of] /sd vr{ ug{ ;s] nfvf}+ dflg;sf] hLjg /Iff ug{ ;lsg] lyof] . ;}Go ;'/Iffdf hlt
w]/} 8n/ vr{ u/] klg vr{]
jftfj/0fLo / hnjfo' c;'/Iffsf sf/0f dfgj hLjgdf kg]{ k|efj /f]Sg ;S5 / ;lsPg < ;}Go ;'/Iffdf olt w]/} vr{ lsg <
zlQm /fi6«x? / cfdg/;+xf/sf cf0fljs xltof/ / ;}Go k|ltikwf{df vr{ ug]{ b]zx?n]
;f]Rg'kg]{ a]nf cfPg / < olb of] ljZjdf
dfgj cl:tTj arfpg] xf] eg] ;}lgs an, cf0fljs xltof/, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] bf]xgdf
x}g hnjfo' kl/jt{g / jtfjf/0fLo c;'/Iffsf sf/0f l;h{gf ePsf r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{
cWoog–cg';Gwfg, cg's"ng, gsf/fTds k|efj Go"gLs/0f / ljkGg b]zx?sf]
Ifdtf ljsf;df nufgL ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .
xfn} Unf:uf]df
ePsf] ljZjsf g]tfx?sf] ljZj hnjfo' kl/jt{g dxf;ef -;ld6_df ;xeflutf / To;df
5nkmn ePsf ljifox? / vf;u/L e"d08nLo tfkdfg -Unf]an jfld{+u _ nfO{ !=%
k|ltztdf sfod /fVg] h:n] ubf{ hnjfo' kl/jt{g af6 x'g] dxf;+s6 af6 afRg ;lsg] tyf
of] g} lxGb's'z lxdfno If]qsf] ;'/Iffsf] nfuL geO{ gx'g] cfwf/ xf] eg] o;sf]
of] nIo e]6\g Psftkm{ zlQm /fi6«x?sf] k"0f{ k|ltj4tf / jf:tljs sfo{sf]
cfjZostf 5 eg] csf]{tkm{ ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx?n] of] hl6ntfnfO{ cfTd;ft u/L ;f]lx
cg'?k ug{' kg]{ 5 . gq eg] jftfj/0fLo c;'/Iffsf] df/df kg{' afx]s cGo ljsNk
b]lvb}g .
@= jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iffdf a'emfOsf] ljljwtfM
d]/f] @% aif{
nfdf] ;|f]t tyf jftfj/0fLo åGb ;DaGwL cWoogsf] lgrf]8 s] xf] eg] clwsf+z b]zsf
/fhgLlts lg0f{ostf{ / gLlt lgdf{tfn] ls t jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iffsf] cfwf/e"t
dd{ a'es} 5}gg\ of t cfly{s :jfy{sf sf/0f a'‰g} rfxb}gg\ . !( cf}+ / aL;f}+
;tflAbdf clk|msf, Plzof / blIf0f cd]l/sfsf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] Psflwsf/k"0f{
/ cf}lrToxLg bf]xgaf6 ;DkGg ag]sf zlQm /fi6«x?n] jftfj/0fLo ;'/IffnfO{ cfˆgf] cfly{s
:jfy{ cg's'n a'‰g]÷a'emfpg] u/] . ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf gLlt lgdf{tf / /fhgLlts lg0f{ostf{n] t
emg\ jftfj/0fLo c;'/Iff af/] vf;} jf:t} u/]gg\ . k|fl1s If]qdf / cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf klg of] ;jfnn]
vf;} dxTj kfPsf] b]lvb}g . jftfj/0fLo hf]lvd / o;n] l;h{gf ug]{ hl6ntfk|lt a'emfO
slt sdhf]/ /x]5 eGg] pbfx/0f t r'/] If]q / blIf0f nlntk'/df lgsflnPsf afn'jf
lu§L / k|To]s ufpFkflnsfdf jftfj/0fLo d"Nof+sg lagf htftt} ;8s vlgPsf]df b]Vg
;lsG5 . oL sfo{x?sf] sf/0f jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iffdf s:tf] k|efj k5{
eGg] af/]df k"0f{ a]jf:tf ePsf] 5 .
jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff
;DaGwL a'emfOsf] ljljwtf -sdhf]/ a'emfO, a]jf:tf, unt a'emfO cflb_ / sdLsf
sf/0f cfˆg} hLjgsfn ;+s6df kg]{ dfq geO{ cfpbf k':tfsf] afRg] clwsf/ g} r'gf}tL
k"0f{ x'g] b]lvG5 . To;}n] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zx? / vf;u/L xfd|f] b]zn] k"0f{ ;lqmotf / ;r]tgtfsf ;fy hnjfo'
/ jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iffdf ;+j]bgzLn eO{ of] ;jfnnfO{ /fli6«o k|fyldstfdf /fvL
/fli6«o ;femf a'emfOsf ;fy sfd ug{'kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] 5 . cGoyf xfdL 7'n} ;+s6df
kg]{ hf]lvd Hofb} w]/} b]lvG5 . xfn}sf] d]nDrLsf] af9L tyf sflt{s !–$ ;Dd
k/]sf] a]df};dL cltj[li6sf sf/0f l;h{gf ePsf hf]lvdx¿ of] ;+s6sf k|f/lDes
pbfx/0f x'g\ .
#= /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] nflu jftfj/0fLo ;'/IffM
;dfh / jftfj/0fsf]
cGt/;DaGw ga'emL /fli6«o ;'/Iff / jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iffsf] cGt/;DaGw a'‰g sl7g 5 (Deudney, 1990) . h'g b]zsf gful/s
hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] l;h{gf u/]sf hl6ntf / jftfj/0fLo ;'zf;gsf] cefjaf6 l;lh{t sl7gfO af6 u'lh|/x]sf x'G5g\ cyf{t\ c;'/lIft x'G5g\ .
l;lh{t tL b]zsf] /fli6«o ;'/Iff ;'lglZrt
ug{ sl7g x'G5 -Floyd, 2008) lsgls /fli6«o
;'/Iffsf] klxnf] cfwf/ Tof] b]zsf] dfga ;'/Iff -jftfj/0fLo, jnafo', vfB, hn,
cflb_ xf] -UNDP,
1987; 1994_. To;sf/0f /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ xf];\ of
/fli6«o ;'/Iff ah]6 ljlgof]hgsf] qmddf xf];\ jf /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf tflnd,
cg';Gwfg / cEof;df xf]; jftfj/0fLo ;'/IffnfO{ k"0f{ Wofg lbg cfjZos 5 . of]
dfGotfnfO{ ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] /Iff ljefun] klxn] g} cfTd;ft ul/;s]sf] tYo
Nof08xdn] w]/} aif{ cufl8 g} ;fj{hlgs u/]sf lyP -Landholm,
1998; Levy, 1995_ . o;}u/L xf]d/
l8S;gn] !((!, !(($ / !((( df / lai0f' pk|]tLn] @))$ b]lv g} of] ;jfnaf/] rrf{ ul//x]sf
5g\ -Homer
Dixon 1991, Upreti 2004a, 2004b; Mathew and Upreti, 2005_ .
laZjdf k|fl1s / gLltut If]qdf jftfj/0fLo ;'/IffnfO{ d"n k|jfxsf] ;'/Iff
cjwf/0ffdf g} hf]8]/ x]g]{ cEof; eO;s]sf] 5 -Landholm,
1998; Westing 1988 and 1989; Dabelko and
Simmons, 1997; Barnett, 2007; Goodman, 1996)
. g]kfndf eg] jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iffsf] ax;, /rgfTds, l;h{gzLn, / ;sf/fTds /
Aoal:yt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g (Upreti, 2013) .
jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff
/ ;'/Iffsf] cGt/;DaGw ultzLn 5 (Goodman, 1996) / To;}
cg'?k kl/dfh{g ub}{ hfg' cfjZos 5 (Carius, 2006) . k/Dk/fut ;'/Iff cjwf/0ff nfO{ jftfj/0fLo
;'/Iff;+u ghf]8L hlt ;'s} /fd|f] /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt / /Iff /0fgLlt ag] klg tL
k|efjsf/L x'g\ ;Sb}gg\ -Upreti,
Bhattrai & Wagle 2013_ . To;}n] cfhsf] g]kfnsf] cfjZostf eg]sf]
/fli6«o ;'/Iff gLlt / /0fgLltdf dfq x}g /fHon] agfpg] ;a} gLlt, /0fgLlt, sfo{ljlw
sfg'gdf jftfj/0fLo ;'/IffnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fy ;dfj]z u/L sfo{Gjogdf n}hfg' xf]
. k|fs[lts ;|f]t / jftj/0fsf] ;xL Joj:yf gxF'bf åGå a9g ;Sg] / o:tf åGå /fhgLlts
p2]Zodf k|of]u eO{ yk hl6ntf a9g] laleGg cWoogx?n] b]vfPsf] 5 (Mulligan, 2010; NATO
and CCMS, 1999; Upreti
2004a and 2004b; 2009; 2010a, 2010b, 2010c; 2002_ .
jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff
/ ;'/Iffsf] cGt/;DaGw af/] k|fl1s sfo{ tyf cg';Gwfg sfo{sf] k|jb{\wg ug{
ljZjljBfnox?sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'5 . ;fy} ca cfpFbf !* aif{ -;g
@)%) ;Dd_ cGt/f{li6«o :t/sf] jftfj/0fLo lguf]l;P;gdf g]kfnL s"6gLlt1
nfUg'kg]{ ePsf]n] o;nfO{ cGt/f{li6«o :t/df sfdug]{ s"6gLlt1 / k//fi6«
gLltdf klg ;dfj]z ul/g' cfjZos 5 lsgls Unf:uf]df lgwf{/0f u/]sf] !=%Ü sf] nIo
xfl;n ug{ cGt/f{li6«o k|ltj4tfnfO{ g]kfndf nfu' u/fpg of] lguf]l;P;g Ifdtf
a9fpg' ckl/xfo{ 5 .
clxn]sf] /fli6«o
;'/Iff cjw/f0ff ;}4flGts ?kdf lgs} Jofks 5 / o;n] ;}Go ;'/Iffsf] cnfjf vfB
;'/Iff, kfgL ;'/Iff, ;Ldf ;'/Iff, cfly{s ;'/Iff, k|fs[lts ;|f]t / jftfj/0fLo
tyf hnjfo' ;'/Iff, phf{ ;'/Iff, ;fOa/ ;'/Iff, :k]; ;'/Iff, h}ljs ljljwtfsf]
;'/Iff, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff / ;du|df eGbf dfgjLo ;'/IffnfO{ ;d]6\5 . To;}n] xfdLn]
g]kfndf /fli6«o ;'/Iff gLltsf] af/] ax; ubf{ pNn]lvt ;a} ;'/Iff ;jfnx?sf]
cGt/;DaGw / kl/k"/stf tyf ;dGjosf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'G5 . o:tf
;'/Iff ;jfnx?nfO{ tTsfnLg kl/j]z, e"/fhgLlts cjl:ylt / cj:yf, k|fs[lts
k|sf]ksf] k|efj h:tf sf/sx?n] k|efljt kl//x]sf x'G5g . To;}n] dfgjLo ;'/Iff
cToGt ultzLn klg x'G5 . oL ;jfnx? g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifbdf
Jofks ax;, 5nkmn, cg';Gwfg ul/g'kb{5 / ;DalGwt lgsfonfO{ lgoldt lgb]{lzt /
k[i7kf]if0f lbg'kb{5 . jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff; k|aw{gdf ;]gf / gful/s ;DaGw klg
csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ kIf xf] lsgls jftfj/0fLo tyf hnjfo' c;'/Iff k|ToIf¿kdf cfd
gful/sx?;+u hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .
$=yk hl6n aGb}
uPsf] jftfj/0fLo ;'/IffM
PSsfO;f}+ ztfAbLsf]]
jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iffdf e"/fhgLlts zlQm ;Gt'ngdf b]lvPsf] ›'t kl/jt{g / hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf sf/0f jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff / /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] cjwf/0ff lgs} hl6n aGb}
uPsf] 5 (Debalko,
2002; Debalko and Simmons, 1997; Dalby, 2020) . clxn] klg
;+;f/e/ jftfj/0fLo åGåx? Al9/x]sf 5g\ (Bob and Bronkhorst, 2010; Carius, 2006; Eckstein et
al., 2021; Floyd, 2008) . of] n]vssf] g]t[Tjdf blIf0f Plzofdf
æhnjfo' c;'/Iff / åGåÆ af/] # aif{ nufP/ ul/Psf] cg';Gwfgsf] lgrf]8 s] lyof]
eg] blIf0f Plzof czflGtsf] pj{/ e"ld aGg] ;Defjgf glhs 5 -Upreti, Butler &
Maharjan 2015) . clxn] of] cj:yf blIf0f Plzofdf dfq} yk hl6n aGb} uPsf] x}g
o:t} cj:yf clk|msf / c? If]qdf klg b]lvPsf] 5 . vfB c;'/Iff, kfgLsf] cefj,
sf]le8–!( / O{ef]nf h:tf dxfdf/L, u}x|sfg"gL
cfk|jf;g, cNk;+Vos k|lt c;lxi0f' Jojxf/, ul/a / wgL lar a9\b} uPsf] vf8n /
ljs/ft ul/aL tyf c;dfgtf, u}x| lhDd]jf/k'j{s Wj:t kfl/b} uPsf k|fs[lts ;|f]t /
jftfj/0fLo Iflt, cd]l/sfsf] Plzofdf /0fgLlts k|j]z / OG8f] Kofl;lkms /0fgLlt,
rLgsf] csNkgLo lasf; / laZjdf o;sf] k|efjsf] lj:tf/ / a]N6 P08 /f]8 Olgl;ol6E;,
O/fg, O/fs, ;fpbL c/]laof, kfls:tfg / ckmuflg:tfg,
ef/t–kfls:tfg tgfa, pQ/ sf]l/of / sf]l/og k|foåLkk|ltsf] cd]l/sfsf] /0fgLlt,
cft+sjfbL ultljlwsf gof :j¿k / /0fgLlt, ?; / rLgsf] dxTjsf+Iffk|lt klZrdL
/fi6«x?sf] c;lxi0f' lrGtg, phf{ cefj / tgfa, d'l:nd b]zx? -h:t} a+unfb]z,
OlhK6, OG8f]g]l;of, gfOh]l/of, kfls:tfg / 6sL{_ df ePsf] hg;+Vof j[l4, s]xL
;DkGg b]zx?df b]lvPsf] gsf/fTds hg;+Vof j[l4b/sf sf/0f l;h{gf x'g] c;Gt'ng /
w]/} hg;+Vof ePsf d'l:nd b]zsf o'jfx?nfO{ pu|jfbLx?n] k|of]u ug{;Sg] ;Defjgf,
ljZjdf al9/x]sf] hg;+Vof -;g\ @)#) df * c/a / @)%) ;Dd ( c/a k'Ug] k|If]k0f_ /
of] hg;+VofnfO{ cfjZos kg]{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t larsf] tfnd]nsf] cefj h:tf hl6ntfn]
ca ljZjsf] cj:yf klxnfsf] h:tf] /xg] ;Defjgf gePsf] dfq x}g ca s;/L cufl8 a9\g]
eGg] ;d]t clglZrt / qf;bLk"0f{ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . of] kl/j]zdf jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iffsf] hl6ntf / /fli6«o
;'/Iffsf r'gf}tL klg leGg k|s[ltsf x'g]5g . xfn} ;+o'St /fi6| ;+3af6 k|sflzt
k|lta]bgdf hnafo' kl/at{gsf] sf/0f jftfj/0fLo / dfgaLo ;'/Iffdf kg]{ k|efaaf/]
Aofks rr{f ul/Psf] 5 (UNDP, 2021) .
Psflt/ zlQm
/fi6«x? cy{ k]gL6«]l8ª ld;fon, cfdg/;+xf/sf cf0fljs / k/df0fljs xltof/ pTkfbg,
/f;folgs / h}ljs xltof/ pTkfbgdf (ICAN, 2020) k|ltikwf{ ul//x]sf
5g eg] csf]{tkm{ jftfj/0fLo c;'/Iffn] c? hl6ntf yk]sf] 5 .
wfld{s cGwjfb,
cft+ssf/L :j?kdf b]lvPsf] kl/jt{g, hftLo cltjfb, ;'zf;gsf] x|f;, cfGtl/s åGb /
lx+;f, ;}lgsLs/0f h:tf ultljlw klg ljZje/ al9/x]sf 5g . o:t} cj:yfdf cem sf]le8
dxfdf/Ln] o;df yk hl6ntf yf]k/]sf] 5 -zdf{ / pk|]tL,
@)@!_ . xfn;Dd sf]le8–!( s} sf/0f
;+;f/e/ %!)&)&^ hgf dflg; d/]sf 5g[5]
eg] #( va{ -#=($ l6«lnog_ 8n/ cfly{s Iflt ePsf] 5[6] .
csf]{ ;Gbe{df eGg] xf] eg] sf]le8Þsf sf/0f ljZj ;+rfngsf] cfwf/ -jn{\8 c8{/_ g}
kl/jt{g xF'b} uO/x]sf] 5 eg] :jf:Yodf lghL If]q ;+;f/e/ c;kmn ePsf] k'li6 ePsf]
5 /fHosf] e"ldsfnfO{ yk ;zQm / ckl/xfo{ agfPsf] 5 . of] cj:yfnfO{ sltko
b]zsf zf;sx?n] cfˆgf] Psflwsf/jfbL g]t[Tj yk ;'b[9 ug]{ cj;/sf] ?kdf klg k|of]u
ul//x]sf 5g . slt b]zx? lar ;Ldf tgfj al9/x]sf 5g eg] sltdf u[xo'4sf sf/0f
nfvf}+sf] ;+Vofdf gful/sx? lj:yflkt eO{ csf]{ b]zdf z/0f lng k'u]sf] cj:yf 5 . x}6L,
Dofgdf/, lkmlnlkG; nufot y'k|} b]zx? k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] rk]6fdf kl/;s]sf 5g\ . oL
;a} tgfa / c;'/Iff åGbsf] ;|f]t alg/x]sf 5g\ . ;+;f/e/ b]lvPsf oL r'gf}tLx?sf]
k|efj xfd|f] b]zdf klg kg]{ 5 . To;}n] of] ;jfndf g]kfnn] a]n}df ;xL ljZn]if0f
u/L ;f]xL cg'?k /fli6«o ;'/Iff / jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iffsf] /0fgLlt tof/ ug{ cfjZos 5
.
%= g]kfnn] r'gf}tL ;Daf]wg ug{'kg]{ ;DefJo kxnM
ljZjdf b]lvPsf r'gf}tL / jftfj/0fLo c;'/Iff / hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf] k|efj g]kfndf gkg]{ s'/} ePg . To;}n] g]kfnn] eljiodf cfpg ;Sg]
r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{ ;zQm /0fgLlt tTsfn} agfpg cfjZos 5 . tL r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug{
lgDg sfd ug{' pko'Qm x'g]5M
!_ /fli6«o ;'/Iff kl/ifb\nfO{ ;zQm agfO{ o;sf] ;+of]hgdf
;/sf/sf ly+s 6\of+sx? h:t} gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg, k//fi6« dfldnf cWoog
k|lti7fg, /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]unufotaf6 ljZjdf e}/x]sf] ›'t kl/jt{g / o;n]
g]kfndf kfg{;Sg] ljljw k|efjsf] ;'Id / lgoldt ljZn]if0f u/fO{ pQm ljZn]if0fdfly
;dLIff u/L lgrf]8df k'u]/ ;f]xL cg'?k k//fi6« dGqfno, /Iff dGqfno, u[x dGqfno,
cy{ dGqfno, g]kfnL ;]gf nuffot cGo ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ cfjZostfsf cfwf/df
r'gf}tL ;fdgf ug]{ /0fgLlt agfpg nufO{ To;nfO{ l:js[lt / nfu' ug]{ / To;sf]
lgoldt cg'udg ug]{ .
@_ k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{nonfO{ ;zQm / ;Ifd
agfO{ cGt/dGqfno ;dGjo, ;xsfo{ / cg'udgdf yk ;'b[9 u/fpg] .
#_ gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgn] ljsf; u/]sf] æ;fj{hlgs gLlt
th{'df lbUbz{g @)&*Æ cg'?k ;a} dGqfnox?sf] ;lqmotfdf PsLs[t hnjfo' kl/jt{g
tyf jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff gLlt to u/L (–!(
gf]e]Da/ @)@! ;Dd Unf]:uf]df ePsf] ljZj ;Dd]ng -Cop–26 –UNFICC_ df
;xdlt ePsf k|fjwfgsf] sfo{GjognfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L sfo{Gjogdf Nofpg] .
$_ jftfj/0fLo ;'/IffnfO{ /fi6«sf] k|fyldstfdf ;dfj]z u/L
;]gf, k|x/L, sd{rf/L, cfd gful/s, /fhgLlts kf6L{sf g]tf, dGqL / gLlt lgdf{0f
tyf /fhgLlts lg0f{o ug]{ txdf /x]sf JolQmx?df ;r]tgf a9fpg] .
%_ ljZjljBfnox? / cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx?dfkm{t hnjfo' kl/jt{g,
jftfj/0fLo c;'/Iff, dfgjLo ;'/Iff cflb ;jfndf ulx/f] / nuftf/ cg';Gwfg u/fpg] .
^_ Unf]:uf]df ePsf] lg0f{o cg';f/ ca cfpFbf lbgx?df ag
;+/If0f, r'/] ;+/If0f nufot jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0fdf /fi6«n] k|fyldstfsf ;fy sfd
ug{'kg]{ x'Fbf To;sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ gLlt, sfo{ljlw, sfg'g, sfo{Gjog ;+oGq
af/] /fd|f] k"j{tof/L ug{' clt cfjZos ePsf]n] ;/sf/n] of] af/]df k"0f{
;r]t eO sfo{ yfNg' cfjZos 5 .
&_ /fi6«sf] casf] k|fyldstf eg]sf] jftfj/0fLo ;'/Iff /
hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 l;h{gf x'g;Sg] ;d:of ;Daf]wg ug{ /fli6«o Ifdtf -ljz]if1,
cg';Gwfg, sfg'g, ;r]tgf, k|ltj4tf, l;k / 1fg _ ljsf;df s]lG›t x'g] .
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[1] åGåljb\
8f= pk|]tL xfn gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgdf sfo{sf/L cWoIfsf] ?kdf sfo{/t x'g' x'G5
.
[2] https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-polluted-countries, accessed
on 13 November 2021,
[3] https://epi.yale.edu/epi-results/2020/component/epi, accessed on 13
November 2021
[4] https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/most-polluted-countries, accessed
on 13 November 2021,
[5] The total death was
taken form worldometer website: https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/ access on 13 November
2021.
[6] The data was taken from the website: https://www.statista.com/topics/6139/covid-19-impact-on-the-global-economy/
accessed on 13 November 2021.
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