Public policy review: state and dimensions

 

;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIffsf] cj:yf / cfofdx¿

                                    8f= lji0f' /fh pk|]tL*

                                    8f= emd s'df/ ljZjsdf{**

!= ljifok|j]z

;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ leGg leGg tl/sfn] kl/eflift u/]sf] kfOG5 . ;/n efiffdf ;/sf/n] cfÏgf gful/ssf] / /fi6«sf] lxtdf sfo{ ug{sf] nflu jf /fHon] gful/s / ;dfhk|ltsf] cfÏgf] bfloŒj k"/f ug]{ l;nl;nfdf s] ug]{ s] gug]{ eg]/ JoQm u/]sf] c7f]6, k|lta4tf ;lxtsf] dfu{lrqnfO{ ;fj{hlgs gLlt elgG5, h'g ;fdfGotof cflwsfl/s b:tfj]hsf] ¿kdf ;fj{hlgs ePsf] x'G5 .

;fj{hlgs gLltn] ;/sf/n] k|bfg ug]{ ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] k|jfxnfO{ ;dfgtf, ;dGoflostf / ;dfg ;xeflutfsf] cfwf/df ;dfh;Dd k'¥ofpg] cf}hf/, dfWod tyf ljlwsf] sfd ug'{kg]{ x'G5 (Sen, 2009) . /fHon] ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] dfWodåf/f cfÏgf of]hgf tyf ;]jf k|jfx ub{5 .o;k|sf/, gLltx¿ ;+ljwfgn] lgb[i6 u/]sf nIox¿ k|fKt ug{ s]lGb|t x'G5g\, x'g'kb{5 . To;sf/0f, b]zsf gful/sx¿n] ef]lu/x]sf/ eljiodf cfpg ;Sg] ;Defljt ;d:ofx¿sf] cf“sng u/L ltgLx¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ tyf /fHosf ;]jfnfO{ gful/s;Dd ;d'lrt 9ª\un] k'¥ofpg /fHon] cjnDag u/]sf] dfu{lrq / To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ vfsf ;lxtsf] ;/sf/sf] ;+:yfut bf:Tffj]hnfO{ ;fj{hlgs gLlt eGg ;lsG5 -pk|]tL / ljZjsdf{, @)&*_ .

nf;fG; / ;k|'sf cg';f/ lglZrt cjwf/0f jf larf/åf/f lgb]{lzt ;dfhsf ;fGble{s / jf:tljs ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;/sf/n] u/]sf] ;+:yfut k|:tfj ;fj{hlgs gLlt xf] (Sapru, 2002 and Lassance, 2020) . ;fj{hlgs gLltx¿ ;fwf/0ftM /fHoåf/f th'{df ul/Psf sfo{qmd tyf sfo{ljlw dfkm{t sfof{Gjog x'G5g\ (Pinfret et al., 2019), h;n] ;fdflhs d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 . ;f/df, ;fj{hlgs gLltn] ;/sf/ / gful/s larsf] ;DaGw ;'b[9 ug{, ;+ljwfgsf] p2]Zo xfl;n ug{ / cgd gful/ssf cfjZostf / d'2fnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub{5 . olb gLlt Tof] lbzfdf s]lGb|t 5}g eg] gLltsf] pQm dfGotf k"/f x'g]u/L gLlt agfOg'k5{ .

cfd gful/ssf] cfjZostf tyf ;/f]sf/sf] ;Daf]wg dfkm{t /fli6«o lxtsf] ;+j4{g tyf k|j4{g ug'{ /fHosf] st{Jo xf] . ;f]xL st{Jo k"/f ug{ ;/sf/n] clVtof/ ug]{ /0fgLlt, ljlw / k|q[mof tyf ck]lIft kl/0ffdsf] cf“sng ug]{ k|lta4tf ;lxtsf] dfu{lrq cfjZos kb{5, h;nfO{ hgpQ/bfoL ;/sf/n] ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ¿kdf cfÏgf gful/s ;dIf k|:t't ug]{ ub{5g\ (Rijal & Upreti, 2021) .

gLltnfO{ cem km/flsnf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ /fHosf] ;+ljwfg, sfg"g, P]g, sfo{ljlw nufotsf ;/sf/L b:tfj]hnfO{ klg ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ¿kdf lng ;lsG5 (Rijal & Upreti, 2021) . tyflk, ;fw/0fto sfg"g / gLlt aGg] k|lqmof eg] km/s x'G5 . hgtfn] 5fg]sf k|ltlglwn] ljwflosL clwsf/ k|of]u u/L lglZrt ljlw / k|lqmof dfkm{t\ ljwflosfaf6 aGg] sfg"g /fi6« k|d'vn] k|dfl0ft u/]kl5 nfu' x'G5 eg] ;fj{hlgs gLlt / To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ sfo{ljlw nufotsf b:tfj]h eg] sfo{kflnsfsf] txdf lgdf{0f x'G5 / To;nfO{ clGtd ¿k lbg dGqLd08naf6 cg'df]bg ul/G5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt / sfg"g b'O{ leGg k|lqmofaf6 aGg] ePsf] x'“bf oL b'O{sf] lardf leGgtf x'G5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, sfg"gsf] sfof{Gjog afWofTds x'G5 / sfof{Gjog gx'“bf ;hfosf] eflubf/ aGg'kg]{ x'G5 eg] sfo{sf/Lsf] txaf6 th'{df ul/Psf gLltx¿ sfof{Gjog gx'“bf sf]xL klg ;hfosf] eflubf/ aGg' kb}{g .

gLlt sfof{Gjog gx'“bf ;hfo cfslif{t gx'g] k|rlnt cEof;n] ubf{ xfd|f] b]zdf ;fj{hlgs gLltx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf lkmtnf] ePsf] b]lvPsf] 5 (Rijal & Upreti, 2021) . oyfy{df eGg] xf] eg] sfg"g / gLlt Ps csf{sf kl/k"/s x'g\ . xfd|f] ;Gbe{df, g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg, @)&@ sf] wf/f -%!_ n] gLltsf] ljifodf ljleGg k|fjwfgx¿ pnn]v u/]sf] x'“bf ;+ljwfg / sfg"g klg /fHosf a[xt\ gLlt g} x'g\, h;n] /fHosf] pQ/bfloŒj jxg ug]{ tyf nIo / of]hgf k"/f ug]{ sfo{df du{bz{g ub{5g\ .

@= ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] cj:yf

g]kfndf cg';Gwfg / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t gLlt aGg] / agfOg] cEof; cem};Dd ;+:yfut x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . /fi6« / cfd gful/ssf] ;jf]{Qd lxtdf agfOg] gLltsf] lgdf{0f k|lqmof k|df0fdf cfwfl/t / ;+:yfut x'g'kg]{ ;jfn dfq} xf]Og ljifoj:t' s]lGb|t / kl/0ffd'vL gLlt agfpg] / To;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;jfndf klg /fhgLlts g]t[Œj / sd{rf/LtGqsf] 7"nf] e"ldsf x'G5 . gLlt dfkm{t /fli6«o Pstf / ;fj{hlgs enfOsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ bfloŒj hglgjf{lrt k|ltlglw cyjf /fhgLlt bnx¿sf] x'G5 eg] To;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ¿kdf Jojxf/df ptfg{ /fHon] ;f]xL cg'¿ksf] sd{rf/L ;+oGqsf] lgdf{0f ug{ cfjZos 5 (Shrestha, 2021) . Psftkm{, k|efjsf/L gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ;jfndf sd{rf/L ;+oGqsf] ;'wf/ cfjZostf b]lvG5 eg] csf]{tfkm{, ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dfs} k|lqmofdf Jofks ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ b]lvG5 .

If]qut gLltx¿df Ps¿ktf b]lv“b}g .;fj{hlgs gLltdf Ps¿ktf sfod ug{ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] lglZrt dfkb08sf] cfjZos x'G5, h'g clxn] cEof;df /x]sf] kfOb}g . s]xL jif{ cufl8 dlGqkl/ifb\n] ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fdf Ps?ktf Nofpg vfsf tof/ u/]sf] eP klg Tof] ;xh ¿kdf pknAw ePsf] cyjf gLlt th'{df ubf{ ;f]xL vfsf k|of]u u/]sf] klg kfOb}g . gLltsf] ;+/rgfut Ps¿ktfsf] ;jfn gLlt sfof{Gjog / ;dLIff;“u uf“l;Psf] x'G5 . To;sf/0f,  ha;Dd ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|i6 dfkb08 tof/ u/L sfof{Gjogdf NofOb}g ta;Dd ;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] kIf klg lkmtnf] x'G5 / ;dLIffdf klg Ps¿ktf cfpg ;Sb}g -pk|]tL / ljZjsdf{_ .

pbfx/0fsf] nflu, xfn g]kfn ;/sf/sf ljleGg dGqfnox? cGtu{t sfof{Gjogdf cfPsf s]xL gLltx¿sf] ljifo ;"rL / gLlt b:tfj]hdf ;dfj]z ePsfljj/0fx?sf] t'ngfTds cWoog ubf{ Ps¿ktf kfOPg . x/]s gLltsf] ;+/rgf km/s x'g'sf ;fy} sltko gLltx¿df k6\of/ nfUbf ljj/0x¿ -h'g ;fj{hlgs gLlt bf:tfj]df;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lsf] nflu;Dd ;fGble{s 5g\_ ;dfj]]]z ePsf] kfOG5 . Toltdq} xf]Og, gLltsf] b:tfj]hleqsf] gLlt k|fjwfgnfO{ klg xfn;DdsfgLltx?df gLlt g} elgPsf] 5 . Pp6f k|fawfg klg gLlt / l;ª\uf] b:tfj]hnfO{ klg gLlt eGbf o;n] cjwf/0fut ciki6tf ;d]t l;h{gf u/]sf] 5 . To;}u/L, gLlt k|fawfg, /0fgLlt / sfo{gLltsf] lardf klg tfnd]n gx'g], gLlt sfof{Gjogsf cfwf/e"t zt{sf] af/]df k|i6tf gx'g] nufotsf ;d:of xfnsf gLlt b:tfj]hx¿df b]lvG5 . gLlt b:tfj]hn] gLlt sfof{Gjogsf cfwf/e"t zt{x¿sf] af/]df k|i6¿kdf gaf]n];Dd gLltdf ePsf k|Fawfgx¿ sfof{Gjogdf hl6ntf b]lvg' :jefljs xf] .

gLlt th'{df / ;dLIffsf] ;jfndf b]lvPsf pNn]lvt ljljw ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ p2]Zon] gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgn] sl/a !# b]lv !$ dlxgfsf] cg';Gwfg / ;ldIffTds cEof;sf] cfwf/df b]xfo adf]lhdsf b'O{j6f kl/k"/s dfu{bz{gx¿[1] tof/ u/L g]kfn ;/sf/ ;dIf k]; u/]sf] 5M

s_ ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/e"t dfu{bz{g, @)&*, /

v_ ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;ldIffsf] dfu{bz{g, @)&* .

 

gLlt ;dLIffsf] cfofd -x]g'{xf];\ lrq– !_ ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf] cfwf/e"t dfu{bz{g / ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIffsf] dfu{bz{gdf k|:tfj ul/Psf] ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof -x]g'{xf];\ lrq– @_, / ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;+/rgf -x]g'{xf];\ lrq– #_  nfO{ o; b:tfj]hdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . ;fj{hlgs th'{df / ;dLIffsf leGg leGg ljlw / k|s[of pknAw ePklg /fHo4f/f th'{df ul/g] gof“ gLlt / To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog tyf gLlt ;ldIffdf Ps¿ktf Nofpg] ;jfndf pk/f]Qm b'Oj6f du{bz{g dxŒjk"0f{ x'g]5g\ .

#= gLlt ;dLIff

;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;dLIff eGgn] s'g} klg df}h'bf gLltsf] lgdf{0f k|lqmof, ljifoj:t', sfof{Gjog, kl/0ffd / k|efj s] s:tf] /Xof], kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df gLltsf] cfjZostf / cf}lrTo, df}h'bf gLltsf] lg/Gt/tf, kl/dfh{g jf vf/]h / gof“ gLlt th'{df nufotsf ljljw ;jfnsf] lg¿k0f ug{ ul/g] k'g/fjnf]sgnfO{ g} gLlt ;dLIff elgG5 . gLlt ;dLIff lsg cfjZos 5 eGg] ;jfn gLltsf] sfof{Gjog, kl/0ffd, k|efj / cf}lrTo;“u uf“l;Psf] x'G5 . ;a} gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] txdf ghfg ;S5g, sltko sfof{Gjog ePsf gLltn] ck]lIft kl/0ffd glbg ;S5g\ / sltko gLlt kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df c;fGble{s klg x'g;S5g\ . To;sf/0f, gLlt s;/L aGof], s:tf] aGof], sfof{Gjogdf hfg ;Sof] jf ;s]g, To;sf] kl/0ffd tyf k|efj s:tf] /Xof] / To;k|sf/sf] gLltsf] cfjZostf 5 jf 5}g eGg] lgisif{df k'Ug cfjlws ¿kdf ul/g] gLltsf] k'g/fjnf]sg g} gLlt ;dLIff xf] . gLlt ;dLIffn] d'ntM rf/ j6f ;jfnsf] lg¿k0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5M lg/Gt/tf, kl/dfh{g, vf/]hL jf vf/]hLkl5 gof“ gLltsf] th'{df .

gLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof, ljifoj:t', sfof{Gjog / k|efj u/L rf/j6f cfofd -x]g'{xf];\ lrq– !_sf] cfwf/df ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;dLIff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . gLlt lgdf{0fsf] cfjZostf / ljifoj:t'sf] rog s;/L klxrfg ul/of], To;sf] k|lqmof s;/L cuf8L a9\of] / s;/L ;DkGg eof] eGg] s'/f k|lqmof cGtu{t x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 eg] ljifoj:t' cGtu{t gLlt ;+/rgfsf] ;dLIff ug'{k5{ . To;}u/L, ;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu s] s:tf k"jf{wf/, hgzlQm, pks/0f, sfg"g jf ljQLo ;|f]t rflxg] xf] / To;sf] pknAwtf lyof] jf lyPg eGg] s'/fnfO{ sof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff cGtu{t ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 eg] gLlt k|efjsf] cfofdn] gLlt sfof{Gjogaf6 nlIft ju{, ;d'bfo jf If]qdf s] s:tf] ;'wf/ jf ¿kfGt/0f Nofof] eGg] s'/fsf] ;dLIff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

 

lrq–!M ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIffsf cfofdx¿ .

#=! ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIff s;/L ug]{ <

…;fj{hlgs gLltsf] s;/L ;dLIff ug]{Ú eGg] ;jfn ;dLIfssf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . ;j{k|tdtM df}h'bf ;fj{hlgs gLlt kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df k"0f{tf jf ck"0f{tf, 7Ls jf a]7Ls / ;fGble{s jf c;fGble{s s] s:tf] 5 eg]/ ;k|df0f ljZn]if0f ubf{ s'g–s'g ljifoj:t'nfO{ cfwf/ dfGg'kb{5 eGg] ;jfnn] gLlt s;/L ;dLIff ug]{ eGg] k|Zg;“u cGt/lglxt 5 . gLlt ;dLIffsf] ;jfndf bf];|f] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf rflx“ ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIffsf] dfkb08nfO{ To;sf] ;+/rgf / gLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmofn] klg lgwf{/0f ub{5 . To;}n], ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIff ubf{ gLlt th'{dfsf] k|lqmof, ljifoj:t', sof{Gjog, kl/0ffd tyf k|efjnfO{ ;k|df0f ljZn]if0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

#=!=! gLlt th'{df k|lqmofsf] ;dLIff

;j{k|ydtM gLlt ;dLIff ubf{ pQm gLlt s'g ljlw jf k|lqmofnfO{ ckgfP/ th'{df ul/Psf] lyof] eg]/ ;dLIff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . gLlt th'{df ubf{ æ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f rqmÆsf] cjwf/0f -x]g'{xf];\ lrq– @_nfO{ cg';/0f ul/Psf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/fn] gLltsf] k"0f{tf jf ck"0f{tf / ;/f]sf/jfnsf] cfkgŒj / :jfldŒj :yflkt u5{ jf ub}{g eGg] s'/fnfO{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 . gLlt ljifoj:t' / ;Gbe{sf lx;fan] k"0f{tf / ;fGble{s x'g ;s]g eg] / gLltk|lt cfd ;/f]sf/jfnfn] :jfldŒj / ckgŒj u|x0f ug{ ;s]gg\ eg] Tof] gLlt ;xh sfof{Gjogdf hfg ;Sb}g . olb sfof{Gjogdf uP klg To;sf] kl/0ffd / k|efj ck]Iffs[t x'g;Sb}g . oL ;a} s'/fnfO{ gLlt th'{dfsf] k|lqmofnf] lgwf{/0f ug]{ ePsf] x'“bf of] gLlt ;dLIffsf] klxnf] zt{ xf] .

 

lrq– @M ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dfsf] k|lqmof– gLlt rqm .

 

gLlt th'{df k|lqmofsf] csf]{ kIf xf]– gLlt ljifosf] ;|f]t klxrfg tyf k|fyldsLs/0f . s'g} klg gLlt th'{dsf] dxŒjk"0f{ zt{ eg]sf] cfjZostf xf] / cfjZostfn] ljifoj:t'sf] l;h{gf ub{5, h;nfO{ gLltsf] ;|f]t elgG5 . gLlt th'{dfsf ljleGg ;|f]tx¿ x'G5g\ . gLlt th'{df ug]{ qmddf To;tf ;|F]tx¿sf] klxrfg / k|fyldsLs/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . gLltsf d'Vo ;|f]tx¿ eg]sf ;dfhsf cfjZostf, dfu / /fHosf] bfloŒj g} x'g\, h;;“u ;+j}wflgs k|fjwfg klg hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . lsgsL, ;+ljwfgn] k|bfg u/]sf xs clwsf/sf] ;'lgZrttf / pkef]usf nflu g} gLlt agfpg'kg]{ x'G5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, /fhgLlts kf6L{sf 3f]if0fkqx¿, /fi6« k|d'v jf ;/sf/ k|d'vxn] /fi6«sf] gfddf u/]sf ;Daf]wgx¿ jf cGt/f{li6«o d~rx¿df /fi6«sf] tkm{af6 JoQm u/]sf wf/0ff tyf k|lta4tfx¿, ;/sf/ ;~rfng ul//x]sf] bnsf] ;f]r tyf cjwf/0ff, Gofonoaf6 x'g]] km};nf tyf cfb]zx¿, cfd gful/sn] ;fj{hlgs ¿kdf p7fPsf ljifoj:t', /fHosf bfloŒjx¿ tyf ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf qmddf pTkGg ;jfnx¿, ;+;bdf ePsf ax; / lgb]{zgx¿, k|fs[lts k|sf]k / cGo ;ª\s6n] l;h{gf u/]sf ;jfnx¿ nufot ljifoj:t' gLlt th'{dfsf ;|f]tx¿ x'g\ -pk|]tL / ljZjsdf{_ . To;sf/0f, gLlt ;dLIfsn] gLlt gLlt th'{dsf] k|lqmofsf] ;dLIff ubf{ s'g ;|f]tsf] cfwf/df gLlt th'{df ul/Psf] xf] / ;do / ;Gbe{sf lx;fan] ;|f]tsf] ;xL klxrfg tyf k|fyldsLs/0f x'g ;s]sf] lyof] jf lyPg eGg] s'/fsf] klg ;dLIff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

To;}u/L, gLlt th'{df k|lqmofsf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf]– gLltdf 1fgsf] klxrfg tyf pkof]u . gLlt th'{dfsf qmddf ;dfhdf /x]sf ljljw 1fgsf] clwstd pkof]u ug{ ;lsPg eg] To;n] ;d:ofsf] ;xL ;Daf]wg ug{ ;Sb}g . cyf{t\ gLltsf] bfo/f / b"/b[li6tf ;ª\s'lrt x'gk'Ub5 . ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;|f]t ax'cfoflds x''G5 . gLlt th'{dfsf qmddf hlt w]/} 1fgsf] pkof]u x'g;Sof] Toltg} w]/} gLlt sfof{Gjogdf ;xhtf x'G5 / To;sf] kl/0ffd / k|efj klg ck]lIft g} x'G5 . To;sf/0f, gLlt th'{dfsf qmddf 5'6fpg} gx'g] b]xfo adf]lhdsf rf/ k|sf/sf 1fgsf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5M  

s_ k|fl1s 1fg, h'g cWoog / cg';Gwfgaf6 k|fKt x'G5,

v_ af}l4s 1fg, h'g lrGtg, ;fwgf, r]tgf, :jWofo tyf af}l4stfdf cfwfl/t x'G5,

u_ ;fdflhs 1fg, h'g ;dfh ljsf;sf] qmddf ;fd"lxs ¿kdf vfl/b} / pkof]u x'“b} cfPsf] x'G5, /

3_ k|zf;sLo 1fg, h'g sd{rf/L ju{sf] a[xt\ cg'ejdf cfwfl/t x'G5 .

 

gLlt /fHon] agfpg] / gLlt /fHo tyf cfd gful/ssf] clwstd lxtsf nflu sfof{Gjog ul/g] x'“bf gLltdf hlt w]/} 1fg pkof]usf] cj:yf l;h{gf ug{ ;Sof] Tolt w]/} gLltsf] bfo/f km/flsnf], a'emfO{ ulx/f] x'G5 / gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ;Defjgf klg clws x'G5 . To;sf/0f, gLlt th'{df k|lqmofsfsf] ;dLIff ubf{ 1fgsf] pkof]unfO{ k|fyldstf lbOof] jf lbOPg, 1fgsf] pkof]u s;/L ul/Psf] lyof] eGg] s'/f]sf] klg ;dLIff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

#=!=@ ljifoj:t'sf] ;dLIff 

gLlt ;dLIffsf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ d'2f eg]sf] ljifoj:t' xf] . s'g} klg If]qut gLltdf To; If]qsf ljBdfg ;d:of / To;nfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{ ;d]l6g'kg]{ ljifoj:t' tyf b[li6sf]0f s'g xb;Dd klxrfg ul/Psf] 5 eGg] s'/fn] g} gLltsf] sfof{Gjog, kl/0ffd / k|efjnfO{ lgwf{/0f ub{5 -pk|]tL / ljZjsdf{_ . gLltsf] ;+/rgfn] ljifoj:t'sf] klxrfg / :t/Ls/0f ug{ ;xh x'g] ePsf] x'“bf gLlt ;+/rgf -x]g'{xf];\ lrq– #_ klg dxŒjk"0f{ x'g cfp“5 .

lrq– #M ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;+/rgf .

 

To;sf/0f, ljifoj:t' slt k|i6 ?kdf / Jofks ?kdf ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5, ljleGg gLlt k|fjwfgx¿ / gLlt k|fjwfgnfO{ sfof{Gjogsf] r/0fdf n}hfg] /0fgLlt tyf sfo{gLltx¿ slt cGt/;DalGwt / kl/k"/s 5g\ eGg] ljifoj:t' ;dLIffsf d'2fx¿ x'g\ . gLlt ;dLIff ubf{ gLltsf ljifj:t' slt ulx/fO{df uP/ klxrfg ul/Psf] 5, cfjZostf, ;Gbe{ / ;|F]tsf cfwf/df gLlt k|fjwfgx¿ ;xh sfof{Gjogdf hfg] vfnsf 5g\ jf 5}gg\, gLltsf] ljifoj:t' kl/jlt{t ;Gbe{df ;do;fk]If 5 jf 5}g eGg] ljifonfO{ ;k|df0f ;dLIff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 -pk|]tL / ljZjsdf{, @&*_ . gLlt ;dLIfsn] gLltsf ljifoj:t'sf] k|:t'lts/0f gLlt ;+/rgf -lrq– #_ cg'¿k g} ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

#=!=# gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff 

;fj{hlgs gLlt aGg] k|lqmof hlt dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] kIf Tolts} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . lsgsL, gLlt sof{Gjogsf cfÏg} zt{ x'G5g\ . cyf{t\, gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] k|lqmofn] s]xL s'/fsf] dfu ub{5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ;dLIff ubf{ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf zt{ tyf dfu s]–s] x'G5g\, To;sf] pknAwtf lyof] jf lyPg eGg] s'/fsf] uxn ;dLIff ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu b]xfo adf]lhdsf cfwf/de"t zt{x¿sf] klxrfg ul/Psf] 5M

s_ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos hgzlQm

v_ ljQLo ;|f]t

u_ sfg"gL k|aGw

3_ ;+:yfut ;+/rgf

ª_ ef}lts k"jf{wf/, pks/0f, ;Lk tyf k|ljlw

r_  cGt/lgsfo tyf cGt/dGqfno ;dGjo

5_  cGt/gLlt ;DaGw

oL kf“r j6f zt{n] gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttf ub{5 . gLltdf gLlt sfof{Gjogsf cfwf/e"t zt{x¿sf] ;'lglZrttf ul/Psf] 5}g eg] To;tf gLlt sfof{Gjogdf hfg] ;Defjgf Go"g /xG5 . gLlt ag]kl5 ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ck]Iff cg';f/ sfof{Gjogdf hfg ;Sb}g eg] To;n] /fHo / gful/ssf] lardf b/f/ k}bf ug]{ ;Defjgf /xG5 . To;sf/0f, gLlt ;dLIfsn] ;dLIffsf qmdd oL ;ft}j6f ljifosf] af/]df gLltn] af]n]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] ;dLIff ug{ 5'6fpg' x'“b}g .

#=!=$ kl/0ffd / k|efjsf] ;dLIff 

gLlt ;dLIffsf] csf]{ dxŒk"0f kIf xf]– gLltsf] kl/0ffd / k|efj . kl/0ffd / k|efj b'O{ leGg ljifo eP klg o;nfO{ ;“u} hf]8]/ x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 -kf7s / pk|]tL, @)&*_ . gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] r//0fdf uO;s]kl5 Ps k|sf/sf] kl/0ffd cfpg;Sb5 . tyflk, To;n] nlIft ju{, ;d'bfo jf If]qdf s:tf] k|efj kf¥of], s] ?kfGt/0f Nofof] jf s] x'gaf6 arfof] eGg] s'/f dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] kl/0ffd tTsfn cfpg klg ;Sb5, t/ k|efjsf] nflu s]xL ;do nfUb5 . gLlt ;dLIffsf qmddf gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] kl/0ffd s] cfof] / To;n] s:tf] k|efj kf¥of] eGg] s'/f x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . gLltsf] k|efj ;dLIffsf nflu s]xL cfwf/e"t ;"rs tyf gLltsf] If]q / ljifoj:t'sf] cfwf/df s]xL ljlzi6 ;"rsx¿ lgwf{/0f ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ;"rs hlt k|i6 / ljifos]lGb|t eof] ;dLIff Toltg} k|efjsf/L x'G5 -pk|]tL / ljZjsdf{, @)&*_ .

 

o; cy{df ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;dLIff lgs} uxg ljifo xf] / o;sf] nflu oy]i6 ;do nfUb5 . sltko gLltsf] ;dLIff ubf{ tf]lsPsf] If]q / ;/f]sf/jfnf JolQm tyf ;d'bfo;Dd hfg'kg]{ x'G5 .  hgzlQm gLlt ;dLIffsf] csf]{ dxŒjk"0f{ kIf xf] . . gLlt ;dLIffsf nflu bIf hgzlQm -;fj{hlgs gLltsf ljifodf bvn /fVg]_, ;xL ljlwsf] tyf tYofª\ssf] pkof]u / uxg ljZn]if0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 -kf7s / pk|]tL, @)&*≤ pk|]tL / ljZjsdf{, @)&*_ . gLltsf] k|efj / kl/0ffd b'O{ leGg s'/f ePsf] x'“bf ;dLIfsn] kl/0ffd eGbf To;n] kf/]sf] k|efj jf ?kfGt/0fdf s]lGb|t x'g'kb{5 .  

 

$= ­;f/f+z

;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f / ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIff Ps–cfk;df ulx/f];“u hf]l8Psf ljifo x'g\ . jf:tjdf gLlt lgdf{0f gLlt ;dLIffsf] af]w u/]sf] x'G5 eg] gLlt ;dLIffn] gLlt lgdf{0fsf] kl/k"/ssf] sfd ub{5 . To;sf/0f, gLlt lgdf{tfsf nflu gLlt ;dLIffsf / gLlt ;dLIfssf nflu gLlt lgdf{0fsf k|lqmof, ljlw, ljifoj:t', ;+/rgf, cGt/;DaGw tyf cfofd nufotsf] /fd|f] 1fg x'g cfjZos 5 .

;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIff lgs} hl6n k|s[of / uxg sfo{ ePsf]n] o;sf] nflu ;xL ljlw, ;Ifd hgzlQm / ;|f]tsf] cfjZos kb{5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fubf{ To;sf] k|lqmof, ljlw, ljifoj:t', ;+/rgf nufotsf] s'/fdf lglZrt dfkb08sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eg] To;n] b'O{ j6f s'/fsf] ;'lglZrttf ub{5– klxnf], gLltdf x'g'kg]{ ljifoj:t' tyf sfof{Gjogsf] ;'lglZrttf, / bf];|f], gLlt ;dLIffsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] ;'lglZrttf . gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf b'O{j6f b:tfj]hx¿–!_ æ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dsf] cfwf/e"t dfu{bz{g, @)&*Æ / @_ æ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIffsf] dfu{bz{g, @)&*Æ[2] gLlt th'{df / ;dLIffsf] ;jfndf k|efjsf/L x'g] ePsf] x'“bf g]kfn ;/sf/n] o;nfO{ dkb08sf] ¿kdf sfof{Gjogdf n}hfbf o;n] gLlt lgdf{0fb]lv, sfof{Gjog, kl/0ffd, k|efj / ;dLIff;Ddsf] txdf ;sf/fTds ¿kfGt/0f Nofpg ;Sb5 . gLltk|lt ;/f]sf/jfnsf] :jfldŒj / ckgŒj :yflkt x'g ;Sof] eg], gLltsf] sfof{Gjog, kl/0ffd / k|efj ck]lIft x'g ;Sof] eg], gLlt ;dLIffn] gLltdf ljBdfg sdLsdhf]/LnfO{ ;Daf]wg ub}{ ;/f]sf/jfnsf] ck]Iff k"/f ug{ ;Sof] eg] To;n] gLltsf] p2]Zo k"/f u/L /fli6«o lxtsf] clej[l4 ug'{sf;fy}/fHo–gful/s ;DaGwdf ;d]t of]ubfg ub{5 .

;Gbe{;fdu|Lx¿

pk|]tL, lji0f' /fh / ljZjsdf{, emd s'df/ . -@)&*_ . ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dsf] cfwf/e"t dfu{b{zg . sf7df8f}“M gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg .

pk|]tL, lji0f' /fh / ljZjsdf{, emd s'df/ . -@)&*_ . ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIffsf] dfu{b{zg . sf7df8f}“M gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg .

kf7s, k|tfk s'df/, pk|]tL, lji0f' /fh / v8sf, bLks s'df/ . -@)&*_ . ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df lbUbz{g . sf7df8f}“M gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg .

Lassance, Antonio. (2020). What is a Policy and What is a Government Program? A Simple Question with no Clear Answer, Until Now. SSRN. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3727996

Pinfret, Sara. R., Scheberle, Denise, & Pautz, Michelle C. (2019). Public Policy: A Concise Introduction. California: Sage Publications, Inc.

Rijal, Mukti Ram & Upreti, Bishnu Raj. (2021). Reflecting on Public Policy Landscape in Nepal. Kathmandu: Policy Research Institute.

Sapru, R.K. (2000). Public Policy: Formulation, Implementation and Evaluation. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Private Ltd.

Sen, Amartya. (2009). The Idea of Justice. Cambridge: The Belknap Press.

Shrestha, Madhav. (2021). Public policy implementation: Ways to upending barriers. The Himalayan. https://thehimalayantimes.com/opinion/public-policy-implementation-ways-to-upending-barriers. Accessed: 12 December 12, 2021.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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* sfo{sf/L cWoIf, gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg, sf7df8f}“ .

** ;xcg';Gwfgstf{, gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg, sf7df8f}“ .

 

[1]   ldlt @)&* ;fn dª\l;/ !& ut] gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgsf] cg'/f]wdf d'Vo ;lrjåf/f k|wfgdGqL tyf dGqL kl/ifb\sf] sfof{nodf cfof]lht ;a} dGqfnosf ;lrjx¿sf] a}7sdf ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dfsf] cfwf/e"t dfu{bz{g, @)&* / ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIffsf] dfu{bz{g, @)&* k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . oL b'O{ dfu{bz{gx¿ g]kfn ;/sf/n] sfof{Gjogdf NofPdf ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f tyf sfof{Gjogsf] If]qdf cfwf/e"t ¿kfGt/0f x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy}, o;n] gLlt ;dLIffsf] ;jfndf klg 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] 5 .

[2]    b'a}j6f b:tfj]h– ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{dfsf] cfwf/e"t dfu{zb{g, @)&* / ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;dLIffsf] dfu{bz{g, @)&* sf] k"0f{ b:tfj]h gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgsf] j]j;fO6 www.pri.gov.np af6 k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 .