Writing, publishing and reading cultures: experiences and reflections

 

 

 

n]vg, k|sfzg / k7g ;+:s[lt M cg'ej / cg'e"lt

 

 

 

 

 

 

-@)&( j}zfv !) ut] ljZj k':ts tyf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ lbj;sf] pknIodf g]kfn /fli6«o k':ts ljt/s tyf k|sfzs ;ª\3 / g]kfn k|ltlnlk clwsf/ /lh:6«f/sf] sfof{non] ;+o'Qm ¿kdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] sfo{s|dsf ;Gbe{df tof/ ul/Psf] sfo{kq

 

 

 

 

 

8f= lji0f'/fh pk|]tL

Sfo{sf/L cWoIf

gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg

 

!=kl/j]z

n]vg, k|sfzg / k7g cEof; Ps cfk;df cGt;{DalGwt 5g\ . n]vg, k|sfzg / k7g ;+:s[ltn] s'g} klg b]zsf] z}lIfs, af}l4s / k|fl1s cj:yfsf] ;ª\s]t u/]sf] x'G5 . of] ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; 5f]6f] ;do / l56k'6 cEof;af6 dfq ;Dej x'Fb}g . nfdf] ;dosf] ;fdflhs cEof; / k|ls|ofaf6 dfq o;sf] ljsf; x'G5 .  :yflkt cGt/f{li6«o hg{ndf n]v k|sflzt gu/Lsg, ljBfyL{nfO{ ljBfjfl/lw gu/fO{sg, cfˆgf] ljwfut If]qdf af}l4s Voflt gsdfO{sg efua08fdf k|Wofks x'g], kf6L{sf] l;kmfl/;df ljZjljBfnosf] pks'nklt x'g], k9]/eGbf ansf] k|of]u -lzIfsnfO{ bafa lbg], sfnf]df];f] bNg], tf]8kmf]8 ug]{, ljZjljBfnodf tfnfaGbL ug]{, x8\tfn ug]{_ u/]/ k/LIffdf kf; x'g rfxg] ljBfyL{ ePsf xfd|f ;dfhdf t n]vg, k|sfzg tyf k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug{ cem slt ;do nfUg] xf] eGg sl7g 5 .

lzIffsf] ljsf; / cg';Gwfgsf] Jofkstfaf6 dfq ;dfhsf] rl/q kl/jt{g x'G5 . o:t} kl/jlt{t rl/qdf n]vg, k|sfzg tyf k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'g] xf] . ljsl;t b]zx¿sf] n]vg, k|sfzg tyf k7gsf] ;+:s[lt ljz]if k|sf/sf] b]lvG5 . n]vg cEof; Ifdtf / ef]ufOsf] ;lDd>0faf6 dfq l;h{gf x'g]x'Fbf of] cln sl7g sfd xf] . of] sfd ;a}n] ug'{k5{ eg]/ ;dfhn] ck]Iff klg /fVb}g . h;df Ifdtf 5, rfxgf 5 / c7f]6 5, p;n] dfq n]vgnfO{ cufl8 a9fpg ;S5 . k|sfzg t ljz'4 dfudf cfwfl/t x'g] xf] . t/ k7grflxF km/s xf] . ;dfh / JolQmnfO{ 1fg xfl;n ug]{, ;dfh a'‰g], ;"rgf / hfgsf/L lng], cfTd;Gt'li6 k|fKt ug]{ h:tf sf/0f ;dfhsf clws ;b:on] k7gsf] cEof; cufl8 a9fpg ;S5g\ . k7gsf] cEof; hlt a9\of] plt n]vsn] n]Vg] / k|sfzsn] k|sfzg ug]{ xf] . o; cy{df kf7s g} cGo b'O{ kIfsf nflu klg cfwf/ xf] .

a]nfotsf ;a}h;f] gful/s ofqf ubf{ k':ts k9\5g\ . nG8g cG8/u|fpG8df d]6«f], /]n, a;af6 ofqf ug]{ ;a} a]nfotL ofq'x¿ Pp6f lstfa kl9/x]]s} x'G5g\ . a]nfotLx¿ labfdf hfFbf xf];\ of aflx/ e|d0fdf hfFbf s]xL lstfa lnP/} lxF8]sf x'G5g\ . o'/f]k / cd]l/sfdf of] clws cj:yfdf b]lvG5 t/ clk|msf / cGo dxfåLksf ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zsf oftfoftdf ofqf ug]{ ofq'x¿df clwsf+z k':ts k9\b}gg\ . tLdWo] s]xLn] k9]sf] b]lvof] eg] tL ;DkGg b]zsf x'G5g\ . k7g ;+:s[lt,lzIffsf] Oltxf; / ljsf; tyf ;dfhsf] r]tgfsf] sf/0f g} o:tf] ePsf] xf] .

kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;+;f/e/ OG6/g]6 / l8h6n ldl8ofsf] ljsf; / cem sf]le8–!( dxfdf/L kl5 t cgnfOg k7g–kf7gsf sf/0f ljBfyL{sf] k':ts k9\g] cEof; g} 5'6\g] xf] ls eGg] lrGtf a9]sf] 5 .

 

@= n]vsaf/]sf] cfd a'emfO  

g]kfndf n]vs eg]sf] ;flxTo n]Vg] dflg;dfq xf] eGg] a'emfO cem} ;zSt /x]5 . ljifout lj1x¿n] hlt g} k':ts n]v] klg pgLx¿nfO{ n]vs eg]/ u0fgf gul/g] /x]5 . ;flxTo n]Vg]nfO{ n]vs eGg] / tLafx]s cGo ljifout ;jfnsf hlt;'s} :t/Lo k':ts n]v]klg pgLx¿nfO{ n]vs eg]/ ;dfh clg n]vssf ;ª\3–;ª\u7gx¿n] ga'‰g] /x]5g\ .

kl5Nnf] ;dodf ;dfh lj1fg, sfg'g, åGå, zflGt, ljsf;, jftfj/0f, k|ljlw, e"uf]nnufotsf ljifodf :t/Lo k':tsx¿ n]lvPsf 5g\ . tLdWo] w]/}sf] u'0f:t/ cGt/f{li6«o:t/s} 5 . t/ tL k':ts n]Vg] JolQmx¿ of] b]z / ;dfhdf :yflkt cEof; cg'?k n]vs eg]/ lrlgPsf 5}gg\ . cyjf pgLx¿nfO{ n]vs eg]/  lrGg lbOPsf] 5}g . lsgls n]vsnfO{ ;fx|} ;ª\s'lrt ¿kdf a'em\g] sfd hjh{:t ¿kdf ePsf] 5 .

o;} ;Gbe{df s]xL jif{cufl8sf] Pp6f 36gf :d/0f ug{ rfxG5' . bf]nvfsf] lh/Ldf n]vsx¿n]] Pp6f e]nf÷;Dd]ng u/]sf /x]5g\ . ToxfF ToxL lhNnfsf c¿ ljwfut k':tssf n]vsx¿nfO{ af]nfpg] af/] 5nkmn eP5 . t/ ToxfF ;flxTo gn]Vg]nfO{  n]vs dfGg g;lsg] eGb} gaf]nfpg] lg0f{o eP5 . To; e]nfsf] s]xL ;dokl5 ToxL sfo{s|dsf cfof]hsdWo]sf, bf]nvf lhNnfs} Pp6f efOn] dnfO{ of] s'/f ;'gfPsf lyP . of] Pp6f ;fgf] pbfx/0f xf] – xfd|f] b]zsf k|a'4 JolQmx¿sf] n]vs af/]sf] a'emfO / Jojxf/ .

;flxTo n]vg dxTjk"0f{ xf] / ;+;f/e/ of] ljVoft klg 5 . t/ Tolts} dxTjk"0f{ c¿ ljifout n]vgx¿ klg 5g\ eg]/ s;n] a'emfpg] < a? kqklqsfdf n]v n]Vg] JolStnfO{ n]vs elgg] t/ ljwfut ljlzi6 k|s[ltsf cGt/f{li6«o:t/sf k':ts n]Vg]x¿nfO{ n]vssf] ¿kdf cem} :jLsf/ gul/Psf] g]kfnsf] oyfy{sf] d"n h/f] eg]sf] k7g ;+:s[ltsf] cefj g} xf] .

 

#= n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f 

g]kfndf ljut s]xL bzsdf n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/ s]xL dfqfdf x'Fb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . n]vg / k7g ;+:s[lt cGt;{DalGwt klg 5g\ . j[xQ/ lrGtg u/L ;f]r agfpg], k|Zg ug]{ / o;sf] pQ/ vf]Hg], s'g} klg ;jfndf s] eO/x]sf] 5, s;/L eO/x]sf] 5, lsg eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] af/]df a'em]/ cfkm"n] cy{ lbg], ;dfhnfO{ ;"Id ¿kdf x]/]/, a'em]/ o;sf] JofVofTds cy{ nufO{ ts{ / ;f]rsf] cfwf/df c¿n] :jLsf/ ug]{ u/L cleJolSt k|:t't ug'{ g} n]vsLo cfwf/ ePsf]n] of] ;xh 5}g . t/ ug}{ g;lsg] sfd eg] of] xf]Og .

ljBfno txb]lv g} s'g} klg ;fdflhs ;jfndf ax; ug]{, eO/x]sf] cj:yfaf/] k|Zg p7fpg], b[li6sf]0f agfpg], ts{ / tYo hf]8]/ x]g]{, sNkgfzLntfnfO{ oyfy{sf] w/ftn;Fu hf]8\g], s'g} klg ;jfnnfO{ ;"Id / ;du|tfdf x]g]{, tfls{stf, ;fdLKotf, oyfy{ / cfbz{larsf] cGt;{DaGw :yflkt ug]{ u/L n]Vg] cEof; u/fpg] rng xfd|f] b]zdf vf;} b]lvFb}g . of] cj:yf cf}krfl/s lzIffsf] If]qd} klg / ;dLIffdf klg kof{Kt b]lvFb}g .

n]vgdf kfngf ug'{kg]{ Go"gtd lgodx¿ x'G5g\ . h:t} eflifs ;/ntf / ;xL zflAbs 5gf]6, kl/j]z ;fk]If / cfsif{s k|:t'lt, ;Gb]z jf ljifosf] pko'St 5gf]6, ljZj;gLotf, bfz{lgstf / sNkgfzLntflarsf] tfnd]n, ts{zLn / ljrf/f]Q]hs k|:t'ltaf/] Wofg lbg' n]vgdf cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf s'/fdf Wofg glbFbf n]vg k|efjsf/L gx'g] x'Fbf oL ;jfn g ;fj{hlgs ax;sf] ljifo ag]sf 5g\ g cf}krfl/s ;+:yfx¿af6 k|a4{gsf] k|fyldstfdf k/]sf 5g\ . clg s;/L x'G5 n]vg ;+:s[ltsf] lgdf{0f <  

xfd|f] b]zdf n]vsx¿n] n]v]sf ;fdu|L kf7s;Dd k'¥ofpg] dfWod klg ;zQm ag]sf 5}gg\ . clxn];Dd oL dfWodx¿df ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ dfWod eg]sf k|sfzg u[xx¿ / ljt/0f ;+:yfx¿ Gf} x'g\ . ;DkGg b]zx¿df xf;{/ sf]lnG;, l;dg PG8 ;':6/, Dofsldng, ljnL, :sf]nfl:6s, lko/;g, Dofslu|plxn, l:k|Gh/, yf]df; ?O6/, l/n]S; u'|k, cS;km8{ o'lgel;{6L k|];, SoflDa|h o'lgel;{6L k|];,An'D;a]/L h:tf k':ts k|sfzg sDkgLx¿ 5g\ h;n] n]vsn] n]v]sf s'/f  k|sfzg ug]{dfq x}g n]vssf] Ifdtf ljsf;df ;d]t nufgL u5{g\ . To:tf k|sfzg ;+:yfx¿n] u'0f:t/Lo k|sfzg / ljt/0fdfkm{t n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; u/fpF5g\ . ;DkGg b]zx¿df /fHosf gLlt klg k|a4{gfTds x'G5g\ .  ;d'bfodf k':tsfno :yfkgf, k':tsfno k|j4{gdf ;d'bfo, ljåfg\, /fhgLlt1, Jofkf/L / cfdgful/ssf] of]ubfg, ;xL lgodgsf] Joj:yf;d]t x'G5 / To;n] klg n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] k|j4{gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5 .

g]kfndf k|ltlnlk clwsf/sf nflu bt{f ubf{ nfu' ePsf k|fjwfgx¿nfO{ n]vsd}qL agfpg' cfjZos 5 . g]kfn k|ltlnlk clwsf/ /lh:6«f/sf] sfof{non] ;|i6fx¿n] ;Dkfbg / ;xn]vg u/]sf lstfax¿ btf{ ubf{ ;xn]vg ePsf lstfax¿ ;a} n]vssf] ;fd"lxs gfddf / ;Dkflbt lstfadf d"n lstfa ;Dkfbs / lstfa leqsf kl/R5]bx¿ hh;n] n]v]sf] xf] pgLx¿;d]tsf] gfddf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ x'g] u/L btf{ ul/lbFbf ;xn]vg / ;x;Dkfbgsf lstfax¿df pgLx¿sf] clwsf/ klg btf{ eO{ af}l4s clwsf/sf] cfwf/e"t dd{ sfod x'g] lyof] . o; ;jfndf hf] d"n ;Dkfbs xf] p;}n] e/]sf] kmd{af6 k|df0fkq lbFbf hf] h;n] of]ubfg u/]sf] -;Dkfbg÷n]vg_ xf] tL ;a}nfO{ ToxL Pp6} k|df0fkqdf cf–cfˆgf] k|ltlnlk clwsf/ v'nfO{ k|df0fkq lbg' pko'St x'G5 .

 

$= n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] k|j4{g

g]kfndf n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ck]lIft ¿kdf ljsf; x'g g;Sg'sf] Psdfq sf/0f 5}g . o;sf w]/} / cGt;{DalGWft sf/0fx¿ b]lvG5g\ . ltgLx¿nfO{ gLltut, sfg'gL, k|zf;lgs, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, k|fl1s eg]/ klg juL{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . oL ;a}sf] PsLs[t ?kdf ;Daf]wg u/]/dfq n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] k|a4{g ug{ ;lsG5 . tL ;jfnx¿af/] oxfF 5f]6f] rrf{ ul/G5 .

 

s= gLltut / sfg'gL k|fjwfg

clxn] n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; ug]{ /fHosf] k|i6 gLlt / Tof] gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos kg]{ ;xhLs/0fd'vL sfg'gsf] cefj b]lvG5 . xfn;Dd lzIff, ;fdflhs ljsf; jf c¿ o:t} gLltsf] c:ki6 k|fjwfg / ljleGg If]qsf sfg'g cfslif{t x'g] x'Fbf n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltn] ;xhLs/0fsf] jftfj/0f kfpg ;s]sf] b]lvFb}g . pko'St /fli6«o k':tsgLltn] n]vg, k|sfzg / k7gsf] cGt{;DalGwt ;jfnnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ cfjZos 5 . 

cGt;{DalGWft b'O{ kIf -gLlt / sfg'g_ sf] ;xhLs/0fljgf n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; x'Fb}g . :jb]zL k|sfzg u[xx¿nfO{ k|a4{g ug]{, :jb]zd} k':tsx¿ / n]vx¿ k|sfzg ug{, las|Lljt/0f ug{, k':tsfno :yfkgf ug{ gLlt / sfg'gn] ;xhLs/0f ul/lbg' kb{5 . 1fg lgdf{0faf6 ;dfh ?kfGt/0f ug]{ cleofgnfO{ ;dfh / /fHon] cfly{s nfexflg / lgoGq0fsf] cfFvfaf6 dfq x]g'{ xF'b}g .

 

v= k|Zff;lgs ;xhLs/0f

xfd|f k|zf;lgs k|fawfgx¿ olt emGeml6nf / lg?T;flxt ug]{ vfnsf 5g\ ls tL k|zf;lgs sfof{nox¿df ;s];Dd hfg gk/] x'GYof] eGg] x'G5 ;]jfu|fxLx¿nfO{ . To;}n] /fHo ;+/rgfsf lhDd]jf/ k|zf;lgs lgsfox¿n] cfˆgf] sfo{z}nL / Aojxf/ ;]jfu|fxL d}qLagfpg cfjZos 5 .

 

u= ;fdflhs lrGtg

n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltn] ;Dd'Ggt ;dfh lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg ub{5,To;}n] ;dfhn] n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] k|a4{g ug'{ kb{5 eGg] cGt;{DalGwt dfGotfsf] ljsf;  ;dfhdf geP;Dd n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; sl7g x'G5 . xfd|f] ;dfhn] ;fd'bflos k':tsfno :yfkgf / k|a4{g, k':ts n]vg, k|sfzgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg / k9\g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug{nfO{ ;dfh / ;d'bfosf bfloTjsf ¿kdf l:jsf/L 6f]n–6f]n, ufpF–ufpF / ;d'bfo–;d'bfodf k':tsfno, n]vg–k7g Sna / n]vg k7gdf ;+nUgx¿nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug{ cfjZos 5 . ;+:sf/ ljsf; gu/L n]vg tyf k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; sl7g 5 . t/ o:tf] ;+:sf/sf] ljsf; ug{ ;Dej 5 .

 

3= cfly{s kIf

n]vg / k7g ;+:s[lt cfly{s hLjg;Fu k|ToIf hf]l8Psf] s'/f xf] . n]vs / kf7sn] cfˆgf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] Joj:yf gu/L of] If]qdf nfu]/ cem} klg hLljsf wfGg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g . n]vg / k7g j[lQ lbg] -/fHo, ;dfh, lghL If]qaf6_ cEof; cToGt} guGo 5 . kf7sx¿n] k9\g rfx]sf] k':ts vl/b ug{ sl7gfO{ kg]{ cj:yf klg x'G5 . k':sfnosf] cefjn] jf k':tsfno pknAw ePklg ToxfF rflxPsf k':tssf] cefjn] kf7sn] k9\g kfPsf] xF'b}g .

7'nf–7'nf k|sfzg u[xx¿sf] ljsf; / la:tf/ geO;s]sf] cj:yfdf lghL If]qn] klg n]vg / k7g j[lQ, tflnd cflb pknAw u/fpg ;s]sf] 5}g . ;fgf–;fgf :jb]zL k|sfzg u[xx¿n] klg ljljw vfnsf k|zf;lgs sl7gfO em]Ng' k/]sf] -eG;f/, s/, 9'jfgL, e08f/0f cflb_ sf/0f klg n]vg tyf k7g ;+:s[ltdf k|efj k/]sf] ;'lgG5 . oL ;a} ;d:ofnfO{ PsLs[t ¿kdf gLltut, sfg'gL tj/af6 ;Daf]wg ug]{ / :yflgo ;/sf/x¿, :yfgLo Sna, ;d'bfon] n]vg–k7g j[lQ pknAw u/fpg cfjZos 5 .

ª= k|fl1s÷af}l4s kIf

g]kfndf clxn] klg of] k|fl1s–jf}l4s ju{ km/s / v'Nnf x[bon] n]vg / k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; / lj:tf/df nfu]sf] b]lvFb}g . cToGt ;fF3'/f] bfo/fdf -;fgf–;fgf sf]7] ;ª\u7g / cgf}krfl/s Snasf] ¿kdf :yflkt eO{ cfˆgf] jr{:j /x]sf] efgdf_ /dfpg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 . oyfy{df of] ju{ 1fg, kx'Fr / ;fdflhs :jLsfo{tf a9L ePsf], n]vg k7g ;+:s[lts} cª\usf] ¿kdf /x]sf] / ;fdflhs bfloTj klg n]vg–k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf;s} ePsf] x'Fbf o; ;d"xsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf x'g'kg]{ xf] t/ Tof] ePsf] b]lvFb}g . a? pN6} /fhgLlts k|s[ltsf ;fgf–;fgf ;d"x / pk ;d"x v8f u/L csf]{ ;d"xsf] cfnf]rgf, l/;/fudf a9L ;ls|o ePsf] b]lvG5 .

ha;Dd k|fl1s, af}l4s ju{ lgikIf, lg8/, /fhgLlts :jfy{ eGbfdfly /x]/ j[xQ/ b[li6sf]0faf6 ;fdflhs cu'jfsf] ¿kdf n]vg–k7g ;+:s[lt k|a4{g ug{ nflukb}{g Tolta]nf;Dd n]vg–k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ;d'lrt ljsf; x'g sl7g 5 .

 

%= lgisif{

n]vg–k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; klg ;dfh ljsf;;Fu} b]zsf]÷;dfhsf] ;fdflhs / cfly{s ljsf;;Fu} cufl8 a9\g] lg/Gt/ k|ls|of ePsf]n] g]kfndf ljsf; x'Fb} u/]sf] n]vg–k7g ;+:s[ltnfO{ oxL dfGotfdf x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . lj1fg / k|ljlwsf] ljsf; / ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0fsf] k|ls|ofdf g]kfndf klg la:tf/} n]vg–k7g ;+:s[ltsf] ljsf; t xF'b} uO/x]sf] 5 t/ v08 $ df pNn]v ul/Psf cGt;{DalGwt sf/0fx¿sf] plrt ;Daf]wg / cEof; k|a4{g ug{ ;lsPg eg] n]vg tyf k7g ;+:s[ltsf] k"0f{ ljsf; geO{ To;nfO{ ;fdflhs ;+hfn / cGo dfWodn] lj:yflkt ul/lbg] ;Defjgf klg 5 .

gf]6 M

of] sfo{kq l;4fGt, bz{g / k|fl1s n]vgdfcfwfl/t geO{ n]vssf] ef]ufO / cg'e"ltdf cfwfl/t ePsfn] kf7s÷>f]tfx¿n] To;/L g} a'lemlbg x'g xflb{s cg'/f]w 5 . ;fy} d]/f] ef]ufO / cg'ejnfO{ sfo{kqsf] ¿kdf @)&( j}zfv !) ut] gf/fo0flx6Ldf g]kfn /fli6«o k':ts ljt/s tyf k|sfzs ;ª\3 / g]kfn k|ltlnlk clwsf/ /lh:6«f/sf] sfof{non] ljZj k':ts tyf k|ltlnlk clwsf/ lbj;sf] pknIodf ;+o'Qm ?kdf cfof]hgf u/]sf] /fli6«o uf]i7Ldf k|:t't ul/lbg ldq lnvt kf08]n] cg'/f]w ug'{ ePsf]df pxfFk|lt xflb{s cfef/ JoQm ub{5' . ;fy}, ;dLIfs 8f=d'lQm l/hfnnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ;'emfasf] nflu / efiff ;Dkfbgsf nflu 8f= d's'Gb s6\6]nnfO{ ljz]if wGojfb . ;DalGwt ;a}af6 /rgfTds ;'emfjsf] ck]Iff u/]sf] 5' .