åGå Joj:yfkgdf hah / dbg e08f/L

lji0f' /fh pk|]tL[1]

!= kl/ro

 

g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;df hgtfsf] ax'bnLo hgjfb -hah_ Ps dxQ\jk"0f{ j}rfl/s cjwf/0ff xf], h;n] g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ gofF lbzf k|bfg u/]sf] lyof] -lai6, @)*@ laP;_. hahsf k|d'v JofVoftf tyf k|jt{s dbg e08f/Ln] g]kfnL ;dfh, /fhgLlt, nf]stGq / sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngaLrsf] ;DaGwnfO{ gofF 9+un] JofVof ug{'ePsf] lyof] -e08f/L, @)%) laP;_. ljz]iftM ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{, hgclwsf/, v'nf ;dfh, ;+j}wflgs zf;g, dfgj clwsf/ tyf nf]stflGqs cEof;nfO{ ;dfhjfbtkm{sf] ;+qmd0fsfnLg cfwf/sf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug{' hahsf] d"n ljz]iftf xf] -g]skf Pdfn], @)%) laP;_.

 

åGå Joj:yfkg cfhsf] ljZj kl/j];df cToGt dxQ\jk"0f{ ljifo ag]sf] 5. JolQm, ;d'bfo, ;+:yf, /fhgLlts bn, /fi6« tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGwsf If]qdf åGå :jfefljs ¿kdf pTkGg e}/xG5 -pk|]tL, @)&!, @)&^ laP;_. åGånfO{ lx+;fTds ¿k lbg'eGbf ;+jfb, jftf{, ;xdlt / nf]stflGqs k|lqmofdfkm{t ;dfwfg ug{' cfw'lgs /fhgLlts ;+:s[ltsf] cfwf/ xf]. oxL dfGotf hahsf] b]lvPsfn] hjh / åGå Joj:yfkgaLr ulx/f] cGt/;DaGw b]lvG5.

 

hahn] ;dfhdf ljrf/sf] ax'ntf :jLsf/ ub{5. o;n] /fhgLlts k|lt:kwf{, j}rfl/s :jtGqtf, lj/f]wL ljrf/sf] ;Ddfg tyf nf]stflGqs cEof;nfO{ ;+:yfut ug{ hf]8 lbG5 -kf}8]n, @)^%s / v, @)&*s / v laP;_. o; cy{df hah cfkm}+df åGå Joj:yfkgsf] nf]stflGqs 9fFrf xf]. hahsf] s]G›df æhgtfÆ /x]sf 5g\ / hgtfsf] OR5f, clwsf/ tyf ;xeflutfnfO{ ;jf]{Rr dflgG5. o;n] ;z:q lx+;f jf clwgfosjfbnfO{ xf]Og, ;xdlt, k|lt:kwf{ / hgdtnfO{ dxTj lbG5 -e08f/L, @)%) laP;, g]skf Pdfn], @)%) laP;_.

 

g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;df ljleGg r/0fdf uDeL/ /fhgLlts åGåx¿ pTkGg ePsf 5g\ -pk|]tL, @)&!_. k~rfotL lg/+s'ztf, nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ng, sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngleqsf] j}rfl/s ljefhg tyf ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf qmddf cg]s k|sf/sf ;+3if{x¿ b]lvPsf lyP -kf}8]n, @)^%v laP;_. o:tf kl/l:yltdf dbg e08f/Ln] ;+jfb, ax;, jftf{ tyf j}rfl/s :ki6tfdfkm{t ;dfwfg vf]Hg] dfGotfnfO{ /fhlgltsf] d"n wf/df :yflkt u/fpg' ePsf] lyof]. pxfn] lj/f]wL ljrf/nfO{ zq'sf ¿kdf xf]Og, ax; / k|lt:kwf{sf kIfsf ¿kdf x]g]{ nf]stflGqs b[li6sf]0f ljsf; / cEof; ug{eof] -lai6, @)*@ laP;, pf}8]n @)^%v, @)&* v, laP;_.

 

hahn] :jLsf/ u/]sf] ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{ jf:tjdf /fhgLlts åGånfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ ;;St nf]stflGqs dfWod xf]. nf]stGqdf ljrf/ km/s x'g' :jfefljs xf], t/ To;nfO{ lx+;f jf bdgaf6 xf]Og, r'gfj, ;+;b, Gofofno, jftf{ / ;+jfbaf6 Joj:yfkg ug{'k5{ eGg] dfGotf hahsf] dd{ ePsf] b]lvG5. oxL sf/0f hah s]jn /fhgLlts l;4fGt dfq geO{ åGå Joj:yfkgsf] Jojxfl/s lalw klg ag]sf] xf].

 

cfhsf] g]kfndf /fhgLlts „'jLs/0f, ;fdflhs c;dfgtf, hftLo tyf If]qLo tgfj, j}rfl/s ljefhg / ;+:yfut cljZjf;h:tf ;d:ofx¿ ljBdfg 5g\ -pk|]tL, @)*! laP;_. o:tf] kl/l:yltdf hahsf] nf]stflGqs d"NodfGotf tyf dbg e08f/Lsf] ;+jfbd'vL g]t[Tj z}nL cem al9 ;fGble{s aGb} cfPsf]5. nf]stGqsf] ;'b[9Ls/0f, ;fdflhs ;xcl:tTj tyf /fli6«o Pstfsf nflu hahn] k|:t't u/]sf] b[li6sf]0f pkof]uL dfq ge} d"n cfwf/ g} aGg ;S5.

 

o; n]vdf åGå, åGå Joj:yfkg, ;+jfb, jftf{ tyf ;xdltsf cjwf/0ffnfO{ JofVof ub}{ hah;Fusf] ;DaGw :ki6 ul/Psf]5. ;fy} ;kmn åGå Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos z}WbflGts u'0f, ;Lk / 1fgnfO{ dbg e08f/Lsf] g]t[Tj u'0f;Fu hf]8]/ ljZn]if0f ul/Psf]5. hahsf cfwf/e"t ljz]iftfx¿, ljz]if u/L zlQm k[ysLs/0f, ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{, dfgj clwsf/, ljlwsf] zf;g, cfjlws lgjf{rg tyf ax'dt–cNkdtsf] nf]stflGqs ;DaGwnfO{ åGå Joj:yfkgsf] b[li6n] rrf{ ul/Psf]5. cGttM dbg e08f/Ln] k|of]u ug{' ePsf ;kmn jftf{ tyf ;xdltsf] pbfx/0fdfkm{t pxfsf] åGå Joj:yfkgsf] Ifdtf / hahsf] Jojxfl/s dxTjnfO{ k|i6\ofO{Psf]5.

 

lautdf dbg e08f/Ln] k|of]u ug{' ePsf ;kmn jftf{ tyf ;xdlt jt{dfg g]kfnsf] ;‹Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf /x]sf tLg txsf ;/sf/x?aLr clwsf/, ;|f]t, bfloTj / sfo{If]qsf] ljifodf b]lvPsf ljleGg k|sf/sf cGt/–;/sf/L åGåx? ;dfwfgdf dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ x'g;S5g\ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] kl/sNkgf u/]sf] ;dfj]zL / pQ/bfoL zf;g / dbg e08f/Ln] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] hjhsf] d"n dd{ Ps} ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] laleGg cg';"rLx?df /x]sf ;femf clwsf/x¿sf] bf]xf]/f]kgn] ;[lht åGå ;dfwfgdf hjhsf] ;lx cEof;n] dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf v]Ng ;Sb5 . t];} ul/ hjh leqsf åGå ;dfwfg ;DjlGw cGt{jZt'sf] ;lx cEof;n] laleGg /fhlglts bnx?leq b]lvPsf dt leGgtf, tagfj / åGå ;dfwfgdf 7f]; of]ubfg k'/\ofpg ;S5 .

 

@= åGå, åGå Joj:yfkg / hah;Fusf] ;DaGw

 

åGå eGgfn] b'O{ jf b'O{eGbf a9L JolQm, ;d"x, ;+:yf jf /fHoaLr lxt, d"No, p2]Zo, ljrf/ jf ;|f]tsf] ljifodf pTkGg x'g] c;xdlt, tgfj jf 6s/fjnfO{ hgfpF5. åGå ;dfhsf] :jfefljs k|lqmof xf]. hxfF ljljwtf x'G5, ToxfF ljrf/ / lxtsf leGgtfx¿ klg x'G5g\  -pk|]tL, @)&!, Galtung, 1996_ .

 

åGånfO{ gsf/fTds dfq dfGg ;lsFb}g. sltko cj:yfdf åGån] kl/jt{g, ;'wf/ / gofF ;Defjgfsf] 9f]sf vf]N5 -pk|]tL, @)&!_. pbfx/0fsf nflu nf]stflGqs cfGbf]ngx¿ cGofo, c;dfgtf / lg/+s'ztflj?4sf] åGås} ¿k x'g\ / /fhlglts kl/jt{gx? o;}sf kl/0ffd x'g .

 

åGåsf d'Vo k|sf/x¿df j}rfl/s åGå, /fhgLlts åGå, cfly{s åGå, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts åGå, hftLo, wfld{s tyf If]qLo åGå, cGt/f{li6«o åGå, kfl/jfl/s åGå, ;+fu7flgs åGå jf ;+/rgfut åGådf alu{s/0f ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df /fhgLlts ;+qmd0f, j}rfl/s ljefhg tyf ;fdflhs c;dfgtfn] ljleGg k|sf/sf åGå pTkGg u/]sf 5g\ -pk|]tL, @)&!, Upreti, 2006, 2009, 2010_.

 

åGå Joj:yfkg eGgfn] åGånfO{ lx+;f jf ljgfztkm{ hfg glbO{ zflGtk"0f{, Gofok"0f{ / ;+:yfut k|lqmofdfkm{t lgoGq0f, ¿kfGt/0f jf ;dfwfg ug]{ k|lqmof xf]. o;sf] p2]Zo åGånfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf ;dfKt ug]{ pb]Zon] To;nfO{ /rgfTds lbzfdf n}hfg' xf] -pk|]tL, @)&!_.

 

åGå Joj:yfkgsf k|d'v pkfox¿df ;+jfb, jftf{, dWo:ytf, ;xdlt lgdf{0f, nf]stflGqs k|lt:kwf{, sfg'gL k|lqmof, zlQmsf] af8kmf8, ;dfj]zL ;xeflutf k|of]udf cfp5g\ -pk|]tL, @)*!_ . ;+jfb eGgfn] b'O{ jf a9L kIfaLr ;dembf/L / ljZjf; lgdf{0fsf nflu ul/g] v'nf ljrf/ cfbfg–k|bfg xf]  -Fisher and Ury, 2011_ . ;+jfbdf Pscsf{sf] b[li6sf]0f ;'Gg], a'‰g] / ;Ddfg ug]{ ;+:sf/ x'G5. jftf{ eg]sf] ljz]if p2]Zo k|fKt ug{ jf ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ ul/g] cf}krfl/s jf cgf}krfl/s 5nkmn k|lqmof xf]. jftf{df kIfx¿n] cfˆgf] lxt ;'/lIft ub}{ ;xdltsf] vf]hL u5{g\. 5nkmn t'ngfTds ¿kdf v'nf / cgf}krfl/s k|lqmof xf] h;df ljrf/ cfbfg–k|bfg ul/G5. 5nkmnn] jftf{ / ;+jfbsf nflu cfwf/ tof/ u5{.

 

sfn{ dfS;{sf] åGå ;DaGwL l;4fGt cg';f/ ;dfh d"ntM juL{o ljefhgdf cfwfl/t x'G5 / dfS;{jfbL åGå l;4fGtn] ;dfhnfO{ d"ntM juL{o ljefhgdf cfwfl/t dfGb} cfly{s ;|f]t / pTkfbgsf ;fwgdflysf] lgoGq0fsf sf/0f zf;s ju{ / >lds ju{aLr lg/Gt/ åGå pTkGg x'g] atfpF5 (Marks and Engeles, 2011). o; l;4fGtcg';f/ ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts tyf j}rfl/s ;+/rgf klg cfly{s ;+/rgfaf6 lgb]{lzt x'g] ePsfn] c;dfgtf, zf]if0f / cGofon] ;dfhdf åGå l;h{gf u5{g\. o;} dfGotfdf cfwfl/t e} g]kfnL ;dfhsf] oyfy{nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} dbg e08f/Ln] k|ltkfbg u/]sf] hahn] juL{o åGåsf] ;dfwfgsf] af6f] lx+;fTds qmflGt dfq xf] eGg] dffGotfnfO{ r'gf}lt lbb} juL{o c;dfgtf, ;fdflhs Gofo / hgclwsf/sf] k|Zgsf] ;Daf]wg / log} ;jfnaf6 ;[lht åGåsf] ;dfwfg nf]stflGqs k|lt:kwf{, ax'bnLo k|0ffnL, hgdt / ;+j}wflgs k|lqmofdfkm{t ug{ ;lsg] dfGotfdf hf]8 lbof] -e08f/L, @)%) laP;, g]skf Pdfn], @)%) laP;_. o; cy{df hahn] dfS;{jfbL åGå l;4fGtsf] ;+/rgfTds kl/jt{gsf] cfjZostfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ To;nfO{ g]kfnL ;Gbe{cg';f/ zflGtk"0f{, nf]stflGqs / ;dfj]zL af6f]af6 ;dfwfg ug]{ j}slNks /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0fsf ¿kdf ljsf; u/]sf] b]lvG5. ljz]iftM g]kfndf bzsf}Fb]lv ljBdfg juL{o, If]qLo, hftLo tyf /fhgLlts åGå ;dfwfg u/L bL3{sfnLg zflGt :yfkgf ug{ hahn] nf]stflGqs cEof; / ;fdflhs ¿kfGt/0faLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{ dfGotf /fv]sf] b]lvG5 .

 

DofS; j]a/sf cg';f/ ;dfhdf åGå s]jn cfly{s sf/0fn] dfq pTkGg x'Fb}g, a? zlQm, k|lti7f -:6f6;\_ / /fhgLlts zlStsf] c;dfg ljt/0fsf sf/0f klg åGå l;h{gf x'G5 (Weber, 1978) . pgn] ;dfh ljleGg ælxt ;d"xÆ / æzlQm ;d"xÆ df ljeflht x'G5 eGg] dfGotf /fv]sf lyP, hxfF dflg;x¿ cfly{s ju{, ;fdflhs k|lti7f / /fhgLlts zlQmsf cfwf/df k|lt:kwf{ u5{g\. j]a/sf cg';f/ åGå Joj:yfkgsf nflu j}wflgs clwsf/ -n]lhl6d]6 cYof]l/6L_, ;+:yfut zf;g Joj:yf, sfg'gL k|lqmof, Ao'/f]qm];L tyf ;+jfbd'vL k|zf;g cfjZos x'G5. pgn] cfw'lgs /fHo / sfg'gL–j}wflgs zf;gnfO{ ;fdflhs :yfloTj tyf åGå lgoGq0fsf] k|d'v dfWod dfg]sf 5g\. j]a/sf] b[li6sf]0fn] ;dfhdf ljBdfg ax'cfoflds c;dfgtfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ Gofok"0f{ k|zf;g, ;+:yfut kf/blz{tf / ;xeflutfd"ns zf;gdfkm{t åGånfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsg] ljrf/ k|:t't ub{5 -cf]Pj/, !(&*_. hjhsf] dfGotfaf6 åGånfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ dfGotf;+u of] j]a/sf] dfGotf klg cfwf/e"t ?kdf d]n vfG5 .

 

n'O{; P= sf]h/ -!(%^_ sf cg';f/ ;fdflhs åGå ;dfhdf s]jn lj36gsf/L zlQm dfq geO{ ;d"xleqsf] Pstf, klxrfg / ;fd"lxs p2]ZonfO{ ;'b[9 ug]{ ;sf/fTds dfWod klg x'g ;S5. pgn] åGån] ;fdflhs tgfj / c;Gt'li6nfO{ cleJoQm ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg u/L ;fdflhs kl/jt{g, cg's"ng tyf ;+:yfut ;'wf/nfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{ ts{ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ -Coaser, 1956_.

 

hahn] ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{nfO{ :jLsf/ u5{. t];}n] ax'bnLo k|0ffnLdf ljleGg ljrf/ / bnaLr k|lt:kwf{ x'G5. o:tf] k|lt:kwf{nfO{ lx+;fTds ¿k lng glbO{ nf]stflGqs dfWodaf6 Joj:yfkg ug{' hahsf] ljz]iftf xf] . hahsf lalaw kIfx¿ -kf}8]n, @)^%s / v, @)&*s / v laP;, e08f/L, @)%) laP;, g]skf Pdfn], @)%) laP;_ h:t} j}rfl/s ax'ntfsf] :jLsf/, lj/f]wL ljrf/k|ltsf] ;lxi0f'tf, lgjf{rgdfkm{t zlQm x:tfGt/0f, hgdtsf] ;Ddfg, ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf, ;+jfb / ;xdltdfkm{t ;d:of ;dfwfg åGå Joj:yfkg;Fu k|ToIf ;DalGwt b]lvG5g\M

@=! j}rfl/s ax'ntfsf] :jLsf/M

 

j}rfl/s ax'ntfsf] :jLsf/ eg]sf] ;dfhdf /x]sf km/s–km/s ljrf/, bz{g, /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0f, ;f+:s[lts dfGotf tyf lxtnfO{ j}w / ;Ddfgof]Uo 7fGg' xf]. åGå Joj:yfkg / jftf{sf] ;Gbe{df of] cjwf/0ffn] cToGt dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5, lsgeg] clwsf+z åGåx¿ ljrf/, :jfy{ jf klxrfgsf] leGgtfaf6 pTkGg x'G5g\. olb s'g} kIfn] cfˆgf] ljrf/ dfq} ;xL 7fg]/ c¿ ljrf/nfO{ c:jLsf/ u5{ eg] åGå emg\ ulx/f] aG5. t/ ax'ntfsf] :jLsf/n] ;a} kIfnfO{ ;+jfbdf ;xefuL u/fpg] jftfj/0f agfpF5, h;n] jftf{df ljZjf;, ;Ddfg / ;xsfo{sf] efjgf ljsf; u5{. ;xhLs/0f -km\ofl;nL6];g_ sf] k|lqmofdf klg ax'ntfsf] :jLsf/n] ;a} kIfnfO{ cfˆgf] wf/0ff v'nf ¿kdf /fVg] cj;/ lbG5, h;n] ;femf ;dfwfg vf]Hg ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5. o;n] lx+;fTds jf bdgfTds pkfoeGbf ;+jfb / ;xdltdf cfwfl/t ;dfwfgnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg d2t u5{.

 

@=@ lj/f]wL ljrf/k|ltsf] ;lxi0f'tfM

 

lj/f]wL ljrf/k|ltsf] ;lxi0f'tf eg]sf] cfkm"eGbf km/s dt, cfnf]rgf jf c;xdltsf] ;Ddfgk"j{s :jLsf/ ug]{ Ifdtf xf]. åGå Joj:yfkgdf ;lxi0f'tfn] tgfj sd ug{ / kIfx¿aLr ;+jfbsf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f ug{ d2t u5{ -pk|]tL, @)&!_. jftf{sf qmddf k|foM kIfx¿aLr dte]b x'G5g\, t/ ;lxi0f'tfsf] cEof;n] tL dte]bnfO{ zq'tfsf] ¿kdf geO{ ;dfwfg vf]Hg] cj;/sf] ¿kdf x]g{ k|]l/t u5{. g]]uf]l;o;g -jftf{_ ;kmn x'gsf nflu k|To]s kIfn] csf]{ kIfsf] s'/f w}o{k"j{s ;'Gg', a'‰g' / k|ltlqmof lbg' cfjZos x'G5 . ;xhLs/0fsf] k|lqmofdf klg ;lxi0f'tfn] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ ;'/lIft / ;Ddflgt dx;'; u/fpF5, h;n] v'nf 5nkmnnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u5{. o;n] cfqmf]z, cljZjf; / 6s/fj 36fO{ ;xsfo{ / ;dembf/L a9fpg dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5.

 

@=# lgjf{rgdfkm{t zlQm x:tfGt/0f

 

lgjf{rgdfkm{t zlQm x:tfGt/0f nf]stflGqs k|0ffnLsf] d"n cfwf/ xf], h;n] /fhgLlts åGånfO{ lx+;f jf an k|of]usf] ;§f zflGtk"0f{ k|lqmofaf6 ;dfwfg ug]{ cj;/ lbG5. ha ;Qf kl/jt{g lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 x'G5, ta /fhgLlts k|lt:kwf{ ;+:yfut / j}wflgs bfo/fleq /xG5. o;n] åGå Joj:yfkgdf :yfloTj NofpF5 / c;Gt'i6 kIfnfO{ klg j}wflgs dfWodaf6 cfˆgf] dt JoQm ug]{ cj;/ k|bfg u5{. g]uf]l;P;gsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 x]bf{ lgjf{rgn] zlQm ;Gt'ngsf] cfwf/ tof/ u5{, h;kl5 ljleGg bn jf ;d"xx¿aLr ;xsfo{, u7aGwg jf gLlt–;Demf}tfsf nflu ;+jfb ;Dej x'G5. ;xhLs/0fsf] k|lqmofdf lgjf{rgsf] :jLsfo{tfn] ljZjf; lgdf{0f ug{ d2t u5{, lsgeg] ;a} kIfn] lgod / k|lqmofnfO{ j}w dfg]sf x'G5g\. o;n] lx+;fTds ;+3if{sf] ;Defjgf 36fO{ zflGtk"0f{ /fhgLlts Joj:yfkgnfO{ alnof] agfpF5.

 

@=$ hgdtsf] ;Ddfg

 

hgdtsf] ;Ddfg eg]sf] gful/sx¿sf] OR5f, wf/0ff / lg0f{onfO{ dfGotf lbg' xf]. åGå Joj:yfkgdf hgdtsf] ;Ddfgn] lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ j}wtf / :jLsfo{tf k|bfg u5{. ha hgtfsf] cfjfhnfO{ a]jf:tf ul/G5, ta c;Gtf]if, lj/f]w / åGå pTkGg x'g ;S5. t/ hgdtnfO{ ;Ddfg ubf{ kIfx¿aLr ljZjf; lgdf{0f x'G5 / ljjfb ;dfwfgk|lt ;sf/fTds jftfj/0f tof/ x'G5. g]uf]l;P;gdf klg hgdt dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ aG5, lsgeg] s'g} klg ;Demf}tf jf ;dfwfg bL3{sfnLg x'g hg:jLs[lt cfjZos x'G5 -pk|]tL, @)&^_. ;xlhs/0fsf] qmddf hgdtnfO{ ;d]6\g] k|of;n] ;xefuLx¿nfO{ cfkm" k|lqmofsf] lx:;f ePsf] cg'e"lt u/fpF5. o;n] lg0f{o k|lqmofnfO{ ;dfj]zL, pQ/bfoL / nf]stflGqs agfpFb} åGåsf] bL3{sfnLg ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpF5.

 

@=% ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf

 

;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] ;jf]{Rrtf eg]sf] ;a} JolQm, ;+:yf / /fHo;Qf sfg'gL bfo/fleq ;~rfng x'g' xf]. åGå Joj:yfkgdf o;sf] ljz]if dxTj x'G5, lsgeg] sfg'gL cfwf/n] ljjfb ;dfwfgsf nflu :ki6 lgod, k|lqmof / clwsf/sf] ;+/rgf k|bfg u5{. olb zlQm jf k|efjsf cfwf/df lg0f{o ul/G5 eg] cGofosf] efjgf a9]/ åGå rls{g ;S5 (Upreti, 2010). t/ sfg'gsf] ;jf]{Rrtfn] ;a} kIfnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/sf] k|Tofe"lt lbG5, h;n] ljZjf; / l:y/tf sfod u5{. g]uf]l;P;gsf] k|lqmofdf klg sfg'gL 9fFrfn] jftf{sf ;Ldfgf, clwsf/ / bfloTj :ki6 kf5{, h;n] ;Demf}tfnfO{ l6sfp agfpF5. ;xhLs/0fsf] ;Gbe{df ;+ljwfg / sfg'gsf] ;Ddfgn] lgikIftf / kf/blz{tf ;'lglZrt u5{. o;n] dgk/L lg0f{o jf an k|of]unfO{ lgoGq0f u/L zflGtk"0f{ / Gofok"0f{ ;dfwfgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u5{.

 

@=^ ;+jfb / ;xdltdfkm{t ;d:of ;dfwfg

 

;+jfb / ;xdltdfkm{t ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{' eg]sf] an, bafa jf lx+;fsf] ;§f 5nkmn, ;dembf/L / ;xsfo{sf dfWodaf6 ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{' xf]. åGå Joj:yfkgsf] ;a}eGbf k|efjsf/L ljlw g} ;+jfb xf], lsgls o;n] kIfx¿nfO{ Pscsf{sf] cfjZostf, rf;f] / lrGtf a'‰g] cj;/ lbG5. g]uf]l;P;gsfsf] d"n cfwf/ klg oxL xf], hxfF kIfx¿n] cfˆgf dfu / :jfy{nfO{ ;dfof]hg ub}{ ;femf ;dfwfg vf]Hg] k|of; u5{g\. g]uf]l;P;g k|lqmofdf ;xhLstf{n] ;+jfbnfO{ ;xh, lgikIf / kl/0ffdd'vL agfpg e"ldsf v]N5g\, h;n] kIfx¿aLr ljZjf; lgdf{0f ug{ d2t u5{ (Upreti, 2009). ;xdltdf cfwfl/t ;dfwfg bL3{sfnLg / lbuf] x'g] ;Defjgf a9L x'G5, lsgls To;df ;a} kIfsf] ;xeflutf / :jfldTj x'G5. o;/L ;+jfb / ;xdltn] åGånfO{ lx+;faf6 zflGtk"0f{ ;xcl:tTjtkm{ ¿kfGt/0f ug{ dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5 (Upreti, 2010).

 

dbg e08f/Ln] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngleq klg j}rfl/s ax;nfO{ nf]stflGqs 9+un] cl3 a9fpg hf]8 lbPsf] / hgtfsf] aLrdf uP/ hgdt lgdf{0f ug]{ /0fgLltnfO{ cfTd;ft u/]s} sf/0f hjh k|efjsf/L ePsf] / /fhlglts ljafb ;dfwfgdf ;d]t ;xof]uL b]lvPsf] 5 .

 

#= dbg e08f/L / åGå Joj:yfkgsf nflu cfjZos u'0f, ;Lk / 1fg

 

åGå Joj:yfkg ;kmn agfpg g]t[Tjstf{df s]xL ljz]if u'0f, ;Lk / 1fg cfjZos x'G5. hgtf;Fu /fd|f] ;DaGw ePsf] / hgtfsf] ljZjf; k|fKt g]t[Tjn] dfq åGåsf] bL3{sfnLg ;dfwfg lbg ;S5. dbg e08f/L hgtfdfem nf]slk|o e}sf] / pxfsf] efiff z}nL ;/n, ts{k"0f{ / hgd'vL ePs} sf/0f pxf hgtf dfem clt nf]slk|o x'g'x'GYof]. g]t[Tjstf{n] tTsfnLg ;d:ofdf dfq l;ldt ge} k/sf] eljio b]Vg ;Sg'k5{. b"/b[li6 gePsf] g]t[Tjn] åGånfO{ yk hl6n agfp5 eg] b"/b[li6 ePsf] g]t[Tjn] lb3{sfnLg ;dfwfg vf]H5 . dbg e08f/Ldf c;fwf/0f /fhgLlts b"/b[li6 ePs} sf/0f ljZj sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng ;+s6df kl//x]sf a]nf pxfn] ax'bnLo nf]stGqnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ gofF lbzf / prfO{df k'/\ofpg' eof].

 

åGå ;dfwfgsf nflu ;a} kIf;Fu ;+jfb ug{ ;Sg] Ifdtf cfjZos x'G5 -pk|]tL, @)&!_. dbg e08f/Ldf c;fwf/0f ;+jfb Ifdtf ePsf] / jfssnf dfkm{t pxfn] hf];'s}nfO{ l56\6} k|efj kfg{ ;Sg] / km/s ljrf/wf/fsf JolQm;Fu klg ;xh ;+jfb ug{ ;Sg] g]tf ePsf] / ;w} ts{, tYo / j}rfl/s :ki6tfsf cfwf/df ax; ug]{ egfO{ pxf;+u glhs /x]/ sfd u/]sf AolStx?sf] cg'ej /x]5 -kf}8]n, @)^%s / v / @)&* s / v_ .

 

;lxi0f'tf åGå Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjk"0f{ c+uxf] -pk|]tL, @)&!_. cem nf]stGqdf t lj/f]wL ljrf/nfO{ ;Ddfg ug{' cfjZos x'G5. dbg e08f/Ln] cfnf]rgfnfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ / ax;af6 ;dfwfg vf]Hg] ;+:sf/ ljsf; u/]s} sf/0f pxfsf] nf]slk|otf a9]sf] b]lvG5.

 

lg0f{o Ifdtf åGå Joj:yfkgsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f kIf xf] -pk|]tL, @)&!_. sl7g kl/l:yltdf ;xL lg0f{o lng ;Sg] Ifdtf g]t[Tjsf] dxQ\jk"0f{ u'0f xf]. hahsf] cjwf/0ff cl3 ;fg{' cfkm}+df ;fx;L / hf]lvdk"0f{ lg0f{o lyof]. t/ ;xdlt lgdf{0f ug]{ Ifdtf ePs} sf/0f dbg cfkmg} bnleq a9b} uPsf] åGåsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;kmn x'g'eof] . åGå Joj:yfkgdf ;a} kIfnfO{ :jLsfo{ ;dfwfg vf]Hg' dxQ\jk"0f{ x'G5 h'g dbg e08f/Ln] ;kmntf k"j{s ;DkGg ug{' eof] . pbxf/0fsf]nflu g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -Pdfn]_ sf] lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf dbg e08f/Ln] ljleGg wf/aLr ;kmntfk"j{s ;xdlt lgdf{0f ug{'ePsf] lyof] . pxfsf] j}rfl/s :ki6tf / hf]lvd lng] Ifdtf g} of] ;kmtfsf] sf/0f lyof] . g]t[Tj :ki6 ge} åGå ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sb}g. dbg e08f/Ln] g]kfnL ;dfhsf] oyfy{ ljZn]if0f ub}{ sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ nf]stflGqs af6f]df cl3 a9fpg'sf] Ps k|d'v sf/0f olx lyof] -kf}8]n, @)^%s / v, @)&*s / v laP;, e08f/L, @)%) laP;, g]skf Pdfn], @)%) laP;_.

w}o{tf / ;+od lagf åGå ;dfwfg ;Dej x'Fb}g. To;sf nflu w}o{tf cfjZos x'G5. dbg e08f/Ln] j}rfl/s dte]bnfO{ w}o{k"j{s 5nkmndfkm{t ;dfwfg u/]s} sf/0f rlr{t x'g' ePsf] a'lemG5 .

 

zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] dfGotf cg';f/ g} hahn] /fHosf tLg c+u—sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsf—aLr zlQm k[ysLs/0fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPsf] b]lvG5 . zlQm s]lG›t x'Fbf lg/+s'ztf a9\g] ePsfn] nf]stGqdf zlQm ;Gt'ng cfjZos x'G5. of] cjwf/0ff åGå Joj:yfkgsf nflu dxQ\jk"0f{ 5 lsgeg] zlQm b'?kof]u sd x'Fbf /fhgLlts c;Gtf]if 36\5.

 

hahsf] d'Vo ljz]iftf ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{sf] :jLsf/ xf] -kf}8]n, @)^%s / v, e08f/L, @)%) laP;, g]skf Pdfn], @)%) laP;_ . /fhgLlts k|lt:kwf{nfO{ nf]stflGqs k|lqmofaf6 Joj:yfkg ug{' g} åGå Joj:yfkgsf] cfw'lgs tl/sf xf]. ax'bnLo k|0ffnLn] lx+;fTds ;+3if{sf] ljsNk lbG5. hahn] dfgj clwsf/nfO{ ;dfhjfbsf] cfwf/ dfG5. cleJolQm :jtGqtf, ;+u7g :jtGqtf, k|]; :jtGqtf / gful/s clwsf/ nf]stGqsf cfwf/ x'g\. dfgj clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f lagf zflGt ;Dej x'Fb}g. t];}ul/ hahn] v'nf ;dfhnfO{ :jLsf/ u5{ hxfF ljrf/, ;"rgf / ;+u7g :jtGq x'G5g\. v'nf ;dfhn] ;+jfb / cfnf]rgfnfO{ k|f]T;fxg u5{, h;n] åGånfO{ lx+;fTds aGgaf6 /f]S5.

 

cfjlws lgjf{rg nf]stflGqs k|lt:kwf{sf] k|efjsf/L dfWod xf]. O;df hgtfn] cfˆgf] k|ltlglw rog ug]{ clwsf/ kfpF5g\. t];}n] lgjf{rgdfkm{t ;Qf kl/jt{g ;Dej x'Fbf lx+;fTds ;+3if{sf] c}lrTo sd x'G5.

 

ljlwsf] zf;gsf] ;Gbe{df hahn] JolQmsf] xf]Og, sfg'gsf] zf;gnfO{ dxQ\j lbg] x'bf sfg'gL zf;gn] Gofo / ;dfgtfsf] cg'e"lt u/fpF5, h;n] åGå sd u5{. hahn] ljkIfsf] cl:tTjnfO{ nf]stGqsf] clgjfo{ kIf dfG5. o;n] /fhgLlts åGånfO{ ;+:yfut ¿kn] Joj:yfkg u5{.

 

%= dbg e08f/Lsf ;kmn jftf{ tyf ;xdlt lgdf{0fsf pbfx/0fx¿

 

dbg e08f/L g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf To:tf g]tf x'g' eof] h;n] j}rfl/s, ;+u7gfTds tyf /fli6«o /fhgLlts :t/sf cg]sf}+ åGå / tgfjnfO{ ;+jfb, j}rfl/s :ki6tf tyf ;xdltsf dfWodaf6 Joj:yfkg ug'{eof] . pxfn] k|ToIf ¿kdf ;dfwfg jf Joj:yfkg u/]sf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ åGå tyf tgfjsf pbfx/0fx¿ x'gM

 

%=! sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngleqsf] j}rfl/s åGå Joj:yfkgM

 

!(() ;fnkl5 g]kfnsf] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngleq æax'bnLo nf]stGq :jLsf/ ug]{ ls gug]{Æ eGg] ljifodf 7"nf] j}rfl/s ljjfb lyof] . w]/} sDo'lgi6 ;d"xx¿n] ax'bnLo Joj:yfnfO{ æ;+;bLo ljrngÆ sf ¿kdf x]y]{ . o:tf] cj:yfdf dbg e08f/Ln] æhgtfsf] ax'bnLo hgjfb -hah_Æ sf] cjwf/0ff k|:t't ub}{ ;dfhjfbtkm{ hfg] g]kfnL af6f] nf]stflGqs k|lt:kwf{af6 klg ;Dej 5 eGg] uxg larf/ cl3 ;fg{' eof] . o;n] kf6L{leq rls{Psf] j}rfl/s tgfjnfO{ ljefhgtkm{ hfgaf6 /f]s]sf] lyof] . pxfn] ax;, k|lzIf0f, j}rfl/s 5nkmn tyf kf6L{ dxflwj]zgdfkm{t ;xdlt lgdf{0f u/]/ ;+u7gfTds Pstf sfod ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng'eof] -kf}8]n, @)^%s / v, @)&*s / v laP;, e08f/L, @)%) laP;, g]skf Pdfn], @)%) laP;_.

%=@ g]skf -Pdfn]_ leqsf] u'6ut tgfj Joj:yfkgM

 

sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngleq j}rfl/s ljjfb ;fdfGo s'/f xf]. ;L=kL= d}gfnL nufotsf g]tf;Fu /0fgLlt / b[li6sf]0fdf dte]b x'Fbf klg dbg e08f/Ln] ;+jfb / ax;sf] af6f] /f]h]/ ;dZof ;dfwfgdf nfly /xg' eof] . g]skfPdfn] u7gkl5 ljleGg k[i7e"ldaf6 cfPsf g]tfx¿aLr g]t[Tj, ljrf/ tyf ;+u7g ;~rfngsf ljifodf dte]b lyP -kf}8]n, @)^%s / v, @)&*s / v laP;_ . tTsfnLg g]skf -dfn]_ / dfS;{jfbL ;d"xaLr PsLs/0fkl5 klg cfk;L cljZjf; / k|lt:kwf{ sfod lyof] . dbg e08f/Ln] æ;fd"lxs g]t[TjÆ / æcfGtl/s nf]stGqÆ sf] cEof;nfO{ hf]8 lbFb} kf6L{leq ;+jfbsf] ;+:s[lt ljsf; u/]/ j}rfl/s dte]bnfO{ zq'tfsf] ¿kdf xf]Og, ;+u7g ljsf;sf] k|lqmof dfGb} Joj:yfkg u/]s} sf/0f Pdfn]nfO{ ljefhgaf6 hf]ufpg 7"nf] of]ubfg k'¥ofof] . pxfsf] z}nL lj/f]wLnfO{ lgif]w ug]{eGbf klg ts{åf/f ljZjf; lbnfpg] b]lvof].

 

%=# ax'bnLo Joj:yfk|lt sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] tgfj Go"gLs/0f

 

g]kfndf k~rfot Joj:yf cGTokl5 sDo'lgi6 zlQmx¿ / ;+;bLo nf]stGqaLr ulx/f] cljZjf; lyof] . s]xL ;d"x ;z:q ;+3if{tkm{ em'sfj /fVy] eg] cGo zlQmx¿ sDo'lgi6x¿nfO{ nf]stGqlj/f]wL 7fGy] . dbg e08f/Ln] nf]stGq, dfgjclwsf/, ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{ / hgdtsf] ;DdfgnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{ sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ d"nwf/sf] nf]stflGqs /fhgLltdf :yflkt u/]kl5 o;n] /fHo / sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngaLrsf] tgfj sd ul/ zflGtk"0f{ /fhgLlts k|lt:kwf{sf] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f u¥of] .

 

%=$ @)$^ ;fnsf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 /fhgLlts „'jLs/0f sd ug]{ k|of;

 

!(() sf] g]kfnsf] hgcfGbf]ng kl5 g]kfnL /fhgLlt cTolws „'jLs[t cj:yfdf lyof] . /fhtGq ;dy{s, sf+u|];, laleGg jfdkGyL ;d'xx? tyf cGo zlQmx¿aLr cljZjf; / k|lt:kwf{ rls{Psf] lyof] . dbg e08f/Ln] ;+jfb, ;+;bLo cEof; tyf ;xsfo{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbP/ k|ltkIfsf] e"ldsfdf /xFbf klg nf]stflGqs ;+:yfx¿ ;'b[9 agfpg], ;+;bnfO{ ;+3if{ / ;xdltsf ;femf ynf] agfpg] tyf /fhgLlts :yfloTj sfod ug]{ kIfdf e"ldsf v]Ng'eof] .

 

%=% sfo{stf{–g]t[TjaLrsf] b"/L sd ug]{ cEof;

 

w]/} /fhgLlts bnx¿df g]t[Tj / sfo{stf{aLr b"/L a9\bf c;Gtf]if / ;+u7gfTds tgfj pTkGg x'g] ub{5 . dbg e08f/L lgoldt ¿kdf lhNnf e|d0f, k|lzIf0f, hge]63f6 tyf sfo{stf{ ;+jfbdf ;lqmo /xGy] . o;n] kf6L{leq æg]t[Tj kx'FreGbf aflx/ 5Æ eGg] efjgf cGTo u¥of] . sfo{stf{sf] efjgf ;'Gg] / pgLx¿nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbg] z}nLn] ;+u7gfTds c;Gtf]if Joj:yfkg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofof] .

 

%=^ lx+;fTds /fhgLlts ;+:s[ltsf] ljsNk vf]Hg] k|of;

 

;g !(*) / !(()sf] b;sdf blIf0f Plzofsf w]/} sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngx¿ lx+;fTds ;+3if{tkm{ pGd'v lyP . g]kfndf klg ju{;+3if{ / qmflGtsf gfddf lx+;fTds /fhgLlt plrt 7fGg] wf/x¿ lgs} alnof lyP . dbg e08f/Ln] hgdt, lgjf{rg, ax'njfb / zflGtk"0f{ k|lt:kwf{nfO{ ;dfhjfb k|fKt ug]{ dfWodsf ¿kdf cl3 ;f/]kl5 o;n] g]kfnL /fhgLltdf lx+;fTds 6s/fjsf] ;Defjgf /f]Sg j}rfl/s cfwf/ tof/ u¥of] .

 

%=& /fli6«otf ;DaGwL tgfjdf ;Gt'lnt b[li6sf]0f

 

ef/t;Fusf] ;DaGw, /fli6«o :jfwLgtf tyf cfly{s lge{/tf ;DaGwL ljifodf g]kfnL /fhgLltdf tLj| efjgfTds tgfj /xFb} cfPsf] lyof] . dbg e08f/Ln] /fi6«jfbnfO{ pu| /fi6«jfb jf ljb]zLlj/f]wL 3[0ffsf] ¿kdf xf]Og, æ;dfgtf / :jfledfgdf cfwfl/t ;DaGwÆ sf ¿kdf JofVof u/]kl5 o;n] /fli6«otfsf] d'2fnfO{ åGå e8\sfpg] dfWodeGbf /fli6«o Pstfsf] cfwf/ agfpg] k|of; u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

 

%=* g]skf -dfn]_ / g]skf -dfS;{jfbL_ sf] PsLs/0fM

 

g]kfnsf] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng nfdf] ;do;Dd ljeflht lyof]. j}rfl/s dte]b, g]t[Tj ;+3if{ tyf /0fgLlts c;xdltsf sf/0f ljleGg ;d"x ag]sf lyP. dbg e08f/Ln] kf6L{ Pstfsf] cfjZostf dx;'; u/]/ j}rfl/s ax;, ;+jfb / ;xdltsf cfwf/df g]skf -dfn]_ / g]skf -dfS;{jfbL_ aLr PsLs/0fsf] g]t[Tj u/]s} sf/0f g]skf -Pdfn]_ sf] lgdf{0f eosf] lyof].  of] PsLs/0f g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf P]ltxfl;s 36gf lyof] h:n] j}rfl/s åGånfO{ ;+jfbdfkm{t ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsg] pbfx/0f k|:t't u¥of] -kf}8]n, @)^%s / v, @)&*s / v laP;_.

 

%=( @)$& ;fnsf] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f M

 

g]kfnsf] @)$^sf] hgcfGbf]ngkl5 gofF ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf] k|lqmof ;'? eof]. ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf qmddf /fh;+:yf, nf]stGq, gful/s clwsf/ tyf /fhgLlts ;+/rgfsf ljifodf ljleGg dte]b lyP. dbg e08f/Ln] nf]stflGqs ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fsf kIfdf dxQ\jk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb} ax'bnLo nf]stGqnfO{ :jLsf/ ul/ hgclwsf/ / ;+j}wflgs zf;gnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPs} sf/0f @)$& ;fndf ;+laefg Nofpg ;Dej ePsf] lyof] . Tof] ;+ljwfg lgdf{0f k|lqmof cfkm}+df /fhgLlts åGå Joj:yfkgsf] Ps cg'kd pbfx/0f lyof]. Dbg e08f/Ln] ladltx?nfO{ bh{ u/fO{ yflt /fv]/ ;+lawfg 3f]if0ff ug]{ ;xdlt ug{' ePsf] lyof] .

 

%=!) ax; / 5nkmndfkm{t ;dfwfg vf]Hg] z}nLM

 

dbg e08f/L v'nf ax;sf kIfw/ ePs} sf/0f pxfn] ;+u7gleq nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/ ljsf; ug{ ;kmn x'g' ePsf] lyof] . pxfsf s]xL ljz]if z}nLx¿ lyP . t];df ;a} kIfsf] s'/f ;'Gg], ax'ljsNk vf]Hg], ts{ / tYo k|of]u ug]{, hgdtnfO{ cfwf/ dfGg], hf]lvd lng tof/ x'g], sfo{stf{nfO{ k|]l/t ug]{ -kf}8]n, @)^%s / v, @)&*s / v laP;_ .

hahsf] cjwf/0ff tTsfnLg cGt/f{li6«o sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngsf] k/Dk/fut wf/0ffeGbf km/s lyof]. o;nfO{ :jLsf/ u/fpg' r'gf}tLk"0f{ lyof]. t/ dbg e08f/Ln] hf]lvd p7fP/ gofF ljrf/ cl3 ;f/]s} sf/0f pxfnfO{ b"/bzL{ g]tf dflgG5g\. pxfdf hgtfnfO{ k|]l/t ug]{ c;fwf/0f Ifdtf lyof] . pxfsf] efif0f z}nL cToGt k|efjsf/L lyof]. pxf sl7g j}rfl/s ljifonfO{ klg ;/n efiffdf k|:t't ug{ ;Sg] ePsfn] hgtfnfO{ ;xh} nf]stflGqs ;dfhjfbtkm{ k|]l/t ug{' ePsf] lyof].

 

dbg e08f/L ;DjlGw laleGg ;Gbe{ ;fdfu|Lx?sf] -kf}8]n, @)^% / @)&*_ cWoogbaf6 d'nt pxfsf lgDg g]t[TjbfoL u'0fx? kfO{of] h'g /fhgLlts / ;fdflhs tgfjx?sf]] ;kmn Aoj:yfkg / ¿kfGt/0fsfnflu clt cfjZos dflgG5 . lt x'g\, -!_ OdfGbfl/tf / ;brl/qtf, -@_ eljiok|lt b"/b[li6 -lehg_, -#_ sfdk|ltsf] k|lta4tf -sld6d]06_, -$_ w}o{ wf/0f ug]{ Ifdtf, -%_ c¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] ljrf/ / Aojxf/sf] af6f]df lxF8fpg] Ifdtf, -^_ ;xgzLntf, -&_ lg0f{o ug]{ / u/]sf] lg0f{odf c8\g] Ifdtf, -*_ hjfkmb]lxtf, -(_ kf/blz{tf, -!)_ hgkl/rfng / gful/ssf] Ifdtf klxrfg u/L lhDd]jf/L lbg] / kl/rfng ug]{ tTk/tf / s'zntf, -!!_ ;[hgzLntf, -!@_ clwsf/sf] ljs]Gb|Ls/0f / kl/0ffdsf] cg'udg ug]{ tTk/tf, / -!#_ cfnf]rgf ;'Gg] Ifdtf / cfnf]rgfaf6 ;'wfl/g] tTk/tf cflb .

 

g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts Oltxf;df dbg e08f/Ln] k|:t't u/]sf] g]t[Tj z}nL s]jn kf6L{ ;~rfngdf ;Lldt lyPg, a? ;fdflhs åGå Joj:yfkg, /fhgLlts tgfj Go"gLs/0f, j}rfl/s dte]bsf] ;dGjo tyf ;+u7gfTds Pstf sfod ug]{ lbzfdf klg cToGt k|efjsf/L lyof] . ljz]iftM hahsf] cjwf/0ffdfkm{t pxfn] g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ Pp6f bnn] csf]{ bnnfO{ s7f]/ cf/f]k nufpg], ;fgf ;fgf u'6 b8ful/ j}rfl/s 6s/fjug]{ cEof;af6 ;+jfb, ;xcl:tTj / k|lt:kwf{Tds nf]stflGqs cEof;tkm{ pGd'v u/fpg' eof] -kf}8]n, @)^%s / v, @)&*s / v laP;, e08f/L, @)%) laP;, g]skf Pdfn], @)%) laP;_.

OdfGbfl/tf / ;bfrfl/tfM dbg e08f/Lsf] g]t[Tjsf] d'Vo cfwf/ g} JolQmut OdfGbfl/tf / /fhgLlts g}ltstf lyof] . /fhgLlts g]t[Tjdf ljZjf;sf] ;+s6 pTkGg x'Fbf bnx? leq} / ;dfhdf klg c;Gtf]if, cljZjf; / åGå a9\g] ub{5 . t/ e08f/Ln] cfkmgf] :jR5 5lj, ;fbuLk"0f{ hLjgz}nL / g}lts cfr/0fdfkm{t sfo{stf{ tyf hgtfdf e/f];f lgdf{0f ug{'ePsf] lyof] . o;n] kf6L{leqsf] u'6x? larsf] cljZjf; sd ug{ / /fglglts tgfjnfO{ ;+jfbåf/f ;dfwfg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] lyof] -kf}8]n, @)^%s / v, @)&*s / v laP;, e08f/L, @)%) laP;, g]skf Pdfn], @)%) laP;_.

eljiok|ltsf] b"/b[li6M pxfn] tTsfnLg ljZj /fhgLlts kl/jt{g, ;f]leot ;+3sf] lj36g tyf g]kfnL ;dfhsf] oyfy{nfO{ ljZn]if0f ub}{ æhgtfsf] ax'bnLo hgjfbÆ h:tf] gjLg /fhgLlts b[li6sf]0f cl3 ;fg{' eof] . of] b"/b[li6n] u'6ut 6s/fj / j}rfl/s cGof]nsf] ;§f nf]stflGqs k|lt:kwf{ / ;xdltnfO{ k|fyldstf lbof] . kmn:j¿k bn leq dfq ge} b];d} /fhgLlts „'jLs/0f sd ug{ tyf bL3{sfnLg zflGt / :yfloTjtkm{ dfu{lgb]{zg ug{ d2t k'Uof] -lai6, @)*@ laP;_.

sfdk|ltsf] k|lta4tfM dbg e08f/L cToGt d]xgtL, cWoogzLn / ;+u7gk|lt ;dlk{t g]tf ePs} sf/0f pxfsf] g]t[Tj k|lt sfo{stf{df cg'zf;g / ljZjf; ab9\/ uof] . kf6L{leqsf] c;Gt'li6 / ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{ pxfn] lg/Gt/ 5nkmn, k|lzIf0f / j}rfl/s :ki6tfsf] dfWod ckgfpg' eof] -kf}8]n, @)^%s / v, @)&*s / v laP;_.

 

w}o{ ug]{ IfdtfM /fhgLlts ;+3if{df pQ]hgf, cf/f]k–k|Tof/f]k / j}rfl/s cfqmd0f ;fdfGo g} xf] . t/ dbg e08f/Ldf w}o{k"j{s lj/f]lw cfjfh ;'Gg] / kl/l:yltnfO{ ;+odtfk"j{s ;DxfNg] Ifdtf lyof] -kf}8]n, @)^%s / v, @)&*s / v laP;_. olx u'0fn] pxfnfO{ ljz]iftM kf6L{leq pTkGg j}rfl/s dte]bnfO{ ;+jfb / ;xdltdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofof] . åGå Joj:yfkgdf w}o{nfO{ dxTjk"0f{ u'0f dflgG5 .

 

c¿nfO{ cfˆgf] ljrf/ / Jojxf/sf] af6f]df lx+8fpg ;Sg] IfdtfM pxfsf] efif0fsnf, tfls{s k|:t'lt / j}rfl/s :ki6tf lj/f]wL wf/sf dflg;nfO{ ;d]t k|efljt agfpg] lyof] . plx Ifdtfn] pxfn] hahsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ s]jn dflyaf6 hfl/ ul/g] cGt{kf6L{ lgb]{;g ge} j}rfl/s ax; / ;+jfbåf/f vfl/g] Aoaxfl/s bz{gsf] ?kdf :yflkt ug{ ;Sg' eof] -kf}8]n, @)^%s / v, @)&*s / v laP;_. o; k|sf/sf] k|]/0ffbfoL g]t[Tjn] ;fdflhs tgfj sd ug{ / leGg leGg lrGtg / cjwf/0ff /fVg] dflg;x?nfO{ klg ;femf p2]Zotkm{ pGd'v ug{ d2t ub{5 .

 

;xgzLntfM nf]stflGqs cEof;df km/s ljrf/sf] ;Ddfg cfjZos x'G5 . dbg e08f/Ln] cfnf]rgf / j}rfl/s c;xdltnfO{ zq'tfsf] ¿kdf xf]Og, /fhgLlts ljsf;sf] cfjZos c+zsf ¿kdf lng] ug{' ePsf] kfO{G5 -kf}8]n, @)^%s / v / @)&*s / v_. oxL ;xgzLntfn] kf6L{leq j}rfl/s ax;sf] jftfj/0f l;h{gf u¥of] / u'6Lo 6s/fjnfO{ lx+;fTds aGgaf6 /f]Sof] .

 

lg0f{o ug]{ / lg0f{odf cl8u /xg] IfdtfM åGå Aoj:yfkgsf] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ u'0f eg]sf] 7f]; kl/l:yltsf] ulx/f] laZn]if0f ul/ tTsfn lg0f{o lng] xf] . g]t[Tjn] ;dodf lg0f{o lng ;s]g eg] åGå emg\ hl6n aGb}hfG5 -pk|]tL, @)&!, @)&^ laP;_. dbg e08f/Ln] cfjZos ;dodf :ki6 lg0f{o lng ;Sg] Ifdtf b]vfpg' ePsf] /x]5 . ljz]iftM ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{nfO{ :jLsf/ ug]{ lg0f{o g]kfnsf] tTsfnLg sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngleq ljjfbf:kb agfpg vf]lhP klg pxfn] To;df b[9tf b]vfO{ AofVof ub]{ hfg'eof] . o;n] kf6L{nfO{ :ki6 lbzf k|bfg u¥of] / b]zdf ;s/fTds j}rfl/s jftfa/0f agfof] .

hjfkmb]lxtfM pxfn] g]t[TjnfO{ hgtfk|lt k"0f{ pQ/bfoL agfpg'k5{ eGg] dfGotf :yflkt ug{' eof] -pk|]tL, @)&!, @)&^ laP;_. ha g]t[Tj hjfkmb]xL x'G5, ta /fhgLlts c;Gtf]if sd x'G5 / hgljZjf; a9\5 . kf6L{leq klg g]t[Tjn] sfo{stf{sf] efjgf / ;'emfj ;'Gg'k5{ eGg] ;+:sf/ ljsf; ug{ pxfn] hf]8 lbPs} sf/0f bn k|lt sfo{stf{sf] :jfldTj / ckgTj a9]sf] lyof] .

 

kf/blz{tfM kf/bzL{ g]t[Tjn] cljZjf; Go"g ug{ / åGå ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u ub{5 . dbg e08f/Ln] hjhsf] dfWodaf6 kf6L{ gLlt, ljrf/ / sfo{qmdnfO{ v'nf ax;sf] ljifo agfpg' ePsf] sf/0f klxnf dfn] / kl5 Pdfn]n] cfkmgf] ar{:j sfod ug{ ;kmn ePsf lyP -pk|]tL, @)&!, @)&^ laP;_.

hgkl/rfng tyf gful/ssf] Ifdtf klxrfg u/L lhDd]jf/L lbg] IfdtfM /fhlglts åGå Aoj:yfkgsfnflu of] u'0fnfO{ clt dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5. pxfn] ;+u7g lj:tf/df o'jfx¿, a'l4hLjL, >lds tyf ljleGg ju{nfO{ Ofdtf cg';f/ lhDd]jf/L / cj;/ lbPsf] tYo dbg e08f/L :d[lt u|Gy -klxnf] / bf]>f] v08_ df laleGg n]vsx?n] pNn]v ug{' ePsf] 5 -kf}8]n, @)^%s / v / @)&*s / v_ . dbg e08f/Lsf] JolQmsf] Ifdtf klxrfg u/L lhDd]jf/L afF8kmfF8 ug]{ z}nLn] ;+u7gleq ;xeflutf / ckgTjsf] efjgf a9Ps} sf/0f c;Gt'li6 sd u/L Pstf ;'b[9 agfof] eGg] pxfx?sf] lgrf]8 /x]5 .

 

;[hgzLntfM g]kfnsf] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngdf æhgtfsf] ax'bnLo hgjfbÆ cfkm}+df Ps ;[hgfTds /fhgLlts cjwf/0ff lyof] -g]skf Pdfn], @)%) laP;_. o;n] lx+;fTds qmflGt / s7f]/ ju{;+3if{sf] ;§f zflGtk"0f{ k|lt:kwf{ / nf]stflGqs k|lqmofnfO{ hf]8 lbof] . åGå ;dfwfgdf ;[hgfTds ;f]r cToGt dxTjk"0f{ x'G5, lsgls o;n] gofF ljsNk / ;femf cfwf/ vf]Hg d2t u5{ . o; cy{df dbg e08f/Lsf] hjh åGå Joj:yfkgsf] klg ;;St dfWod xf] .

clwsf/sf] ljs]G›Ls/0f / kl/0ffdsf] cg'udg ug]{ tTk/tfM dbg e08f/Ln] kf6L{ ;~rfngdf ;fd"lxs g]t[Tj / ;+u7gfTds k|0ffnLnfO{ dxTj lbPs} sf/0f zlQm s]lG›t ;+3if{ / sfo{ut c;Gtf]if sd e} kf6L{ kl/rfng ultlzn ePsf] /x]5 . ;fy}, lg0f{o sfof{Gjogsf] lg/Gt/ cg'udgn] ;+u7gleq cg'zf;g / pQ/bfloTj sfod ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf] tYo pxfaf/] laleGg AolStx?n] n]v]sf n]vx?df b]lvG5 -kf}8]n, @)^%s / v / @)&*v_ .

 

cfnf]rgf ;'Gg] / To;af6 ;'wfl/g] tTk/tfM pxfn] cfnf]rgfnfO{ g]t[Tjlj?4sf] xdnf geO{ ;'wf/sf] cj;/sf ¿kdf lng] ;+:sf/ ljsf; ug{' eof] h;n] kf6L{leq ;+jfbsf] ;+:s[lt lgdf{0f u¥of] -g]skf Pdfn], @)%) laP;_. åGå Joj:yfkgdf æ;'g'jfOÆ cToGt dxTjk"0f{ tTj xf], lsgls w]/} tgfj ;+jfbsf] cefjsf sf/0f rls{G5g\ .

^= lgisif{

 

dbg e08f/Ln] k|bz{g u/]sf u'0fx¿n] g]kfndf /fhgLlts :yfloTj, j}rfl/s ;lxi0f'tf, ;+u7gfTds Pstf tyf ;fdflhs ;b\efj sfod ug{ dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]n]sf lyP . pxfsf g]t[Tj ljz]iftfx¿ cfh klg g]kfndf a9\bf] /fhgLlts „'jLs/0f, ;fdflhs tgfj, u'6Lo ;+3if{ tyf ljZjf; ;+s6 ;dfwfg ug{ cToGt ;fGble{s b]lvG5g\ . ljz]iftM ;+jfb, ;xcl:tTj, nf]stflGqs cEof; / pQ/bfoL g]t[Tjk|ltsf] pxfsf] b[li6sf]0fn] jt{dfg g]kfnsf] åGå Joj:yfkg / zflGt lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dfu{bz{g k|bfg ub{5 .

dbg e08f/Lsf] g]t[Tj z}nL ;+jfb, ;lxi0f'tf, j}rfl/s :ki6tf, ;fd"lxs lg0f{o / nf]stflGqs cEof;df cfwfl/t lyof] . pxfn] lx+;fTds 6s/fjeGbf /fhgLlts ax;, ;+u7gfTds Pstf / hgdtnfO{ k|fyldstf lbPs} sf/0f pxfn] Joj:yfkg u/]sf åGåsf pbfx/0fx¿ cfh klg g]kfndf /fhgLlts „'jLs/0f, u'6Lo ;+3if{, ;fdflhs tgfj tyf nf]stflGqs ;+qmd0f Joj:yfkgsf nflu dxTjk"0f{ cWoogsf ljifo ag]sf 5g\ .

 

åGå ;dfhsf] :jfefljs k|lqmof xf]. hxfF ljljwtf, ljrf/leGgtf / k|lt:kwf{ x'G5, ToxfF åGå klg x'G5. t/ åGånfO{ lx+;f, bdg / ljgfztkm{ n}hfg'eGbf nf]stflGqs k|lqmof, ;+jfb, jftf{ / ;xdltdfkm{t Joj:yfkg ug{' ;Eo /fhgLlts ;+:s[ltsf] cfwf/ xf]. hgtfsf] ax'bnLo hgjfb oxL nf]stflGqs åGå Joj:yfkgsf] dxTjk"0f{ /fhgLlts bz{g xf]. o;n] ax'bnLo k|lt:kwf{, dfgj clwsf/, ljlwsf] zf;g, v'nf ;dfh, cfjlws lgjf{rg tyf hgdtsf] ;jf]{RrtfnfO{ :jLsf/ u/]/ /fhgLlts åGånfO{ ;+:yfut 9+un] ;dfwfg ug]{ af6f] k|:t't u/]sf] 5.

 

dbg e08f/Ln] g]kfnL sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ngnfO{ nf]stflGqs lbzfdf ¿kfGt/0f ub}{ ;+jfb, ;xdlt / j}rfl/s :ki6tfsf] ;+:s[lt ljsf; u/]sf] b]lvof] . lj/f]wL ljrf/nfO{ lgif]w ug]{ xf]Og, ax; / hgdtdfkm{t k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ nf]stflGqs b[li6sf]0f k|:t't ug{eof].

dbg e08f/Lsf] g]t[Tjdf ;DkGg kf6L{ PsLs/0f, ;+ljwfg lgdf{0fdf v]n]sf] e"ldsf tyf cfGtl/s dte]b ;dfwfgsf k|of;x¿ ;kmn åGå Joj:yfkgsf pbfx/0f x'g\. pxfn] zlQm xf]Og, ts{Ù bdg xf]Og, ;+jfbÙ lx+;f xf]Og, nf]stflGqs k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'ePsf] lyof] .

 

g]kfndf /fhgLlts „'jLs/0f, ;fdflhs c;dfgtf tyf ;+:yfut cljZjf;sf aLr hahsf] nf]stflGqs d"No / dbg e08f/Lsf] ;+jfbd'vL g]t[Tj z}nL cem ;fGble{s b]lvG5. /fli6«o Pstf, nf]stflGqs :yfloTj tyf zflGtk"0f{ /fhgLlts ;+:s[ltsf nflu hahn] k|:t't u/]sf] dfu{bz{g pkof]uL cfwf/ aGg ;S5. o;y{, hah s]jn /fhgLlts l;4fGt dfq xf]Og, nf]stflGqs åGå Joj:yfkgsf] Jojxfl/s bz{g klg xf]. dbg e08f/Lsf] ljrf/ / g]t[Tjn] g]kfnL /fhgLltdf ;xdlt, ;xcl:tTj / nf]stflGqs k|lt:kwf{sf] gofF ;+:sf/ :yfkgf ug{ dxQ\jk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf] lgisif{ lgsfNg ;lsG5.

 

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L

·      lai6, d= -@)*@ laP;_, hahsf tLg bzs . sf7df08f}+M dbg e08f/L kmfu08];g .

·      kf}8]n cf/= -@)^%s laP;_, g]kfnsf] sDo'lgi6 cfGbf]ng / dbg e08f/L . sf7df08f}+M laWofyL{ k':ts e08f/ .

·      kf}8]n cf/= -@)&*s laP;_, hgtfsf] ax'bnLo hgjfbM l;4fGt / Jojxf/ . sf7df08f}+M hubDaf k|sf;g

·      kf}8]n P= -;+=_ -@)^%v laP;_, dbg e08f/L :d[lt u|Gy -v08 !_ . pnf{af/LM dbg e08f/L :d[lt k|lti7fg .

·      kf}8]n P= -;+=_ -@)&*v laP;_, dbg e08f/L :d[lt u|Gy -v08 @_ . pnf{af/LM dbg e08f/L :d[lt k|lti7fg .

·      g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -Pdfn]_, -@)%) la;+=_= hgtfsf] ax'bnLo hgjfbM l;4fGt / sfo{qmd= sf7df8f}+M g]skf -Pdfn]_ s]G›Lo k|sfzg ljefu .

·      e08f/L, dbg -@)%) la;+;_= hahsf] lbzfaf]w= sf7df8f}+M dbg e08f/L kmfp08];g .

·      j]a/, DofS; -!(&*_= Osf]gf]dL P08 ;f];fO6LM Pg cfp6nfOg ckm OG6/k|]l6e ;f]l;of]nf]hL -hL= /f]y / l;= ljl6r -;+=_, cf]sNof08M o'lgel;{6L ckm SofnLkmf]gL{of k|]; .

·      उप्रेती, विष्णु राज (२०७१) । द्वन्द्व व्यवस्थापन । काठमाडौँ भृकुटी एकेडेमिक पब्लीकेशन्स् .

·      pk|]tL, lji0f'/fh -@)&^_, g]kfndf åGå ?kfGt/0fsf ;s; . sf7df8f}F M g]kfn ;]G6/ km/ sG6]Dk//L l/;r{ .

·      pk|]tL, lji0f'/fh -@)*!_, g]kfndf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf Goflos ;ldltsf ef]ufO{ / l;sfO{ . sf7df8f}F M b'uf{–zfGtf ;fdflhs ljsf; ;dfh .

·      Coser, L. A. (1956). The functions of social conflict. Free Press.

·      Fisher, R, Ury, W., & Patton, B.  (2011), Getting to yes: Negotiating agreement without giving in (third ed.). New York: Penguin Books.

·      Galtung, J. (1996), Peace by peaceful means: Peace and conflict, development and civilization. London: Sage Publications.

·      Marx, K. & Engels, F. (2002), The communist manifesto. London: Penguin Books (Original work published in 1848).

·      Upreti, B. R. (2006). Armed Conflict and Peace Process in Nepal: The Maoist Insurgency, Past Negotiation and Opportunities for Conflict Transformation. New Delhi: Adroit Publishers.

·      Upreti, B. R. (2009). Nepal from War to Peace: Legacies of the past and hopes for future. New Delhi: Adroit Publishers.

·      Upreti, B. R. (2010). Political change and challenges of Nepal: Reflection on armed conflict, peace process and state building (Vol. 1 and 2). Saarbrucken: Lambert Academic Publishing.

·      Weber, M. (1978). Economy and society: An outline of interpretive sociology (G. Roth & C. Wittich, Eds.). University of California Press. (Original work published 1922).

 

 

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