:yfgLo Goflos ;ldltsf ef]ufO{ / l;sfO{
lji0f'/fh pk|]tL
;f/ ;+If]kM
g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo
zf;g k|0ffnLsf] c? eGbf lalzi7 rl/q eg]sf] :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;+lawfgn] g}
sfof{b]z ls6fg ul/g' xf] / To;df klg cGoq ;+3Lo d'n'sx?sf] eGbf lalzi7 k|sf/sf]
:yfgLo Goflos ;ldltsf] k|fawfg xf] . Gofodf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Fr a9fO{ :yfgLo
laafbx?sf] ;/n ;dfwfgsf] nflu Goflos ;ldltnfO{ g]kfnsf] ;+lawfg / :yfgLo ;/sf/
;+rfng P]g @)&$ n] vf; vf; lhDd]jf/L tf]s]sf] 5 . xfn b]zdf &%# j6f
Goflos ;ldltx?n] cfˆgf] kflnsfdf Goflos sfo{ ;Dkfbg ul//x]sf 5g\ . laut * aif{
b]lv ;s[o :yfgLo Goflos ;ldltsf] sfdaf6 Gofodf kx'Fr gePsf g]kfnL gful/sx?
k|ToIf nfeflGjt ePsf] kfO{of] eg] :yfgLo laafb ;dfwfg sd vr{ / 5f]6f] cjlwdf
ePsf]n] :yfgLo ;/sf/k|lt hgtfsf] ckgTj a9]sf] kfO{of] . t/ cfˆgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgsf]
qmddf cToflws kflnsfx?n] w]/} ;d:ofx? klg ef]Ug' k/]sf] kfO{of] . tL dWo k|d'v
;d:ofx?df sfo{kflnsfaf6 ;xof]usf] sdL, k"jf{wf/ / Ifdtfsf] sdL, Gofo
lg/f]k0fsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ 1fg, l;ksf] sdL, ;dGjosf] cefj, lkl8tsf] p2f/ /
;'/Iffdf sl7gfO{ nufot lyP . lgZsif{df g]kfnsf Goflos ;ldltx?n] ;fwg–>f]tsf]
cefj x'Fbf x'Fb} klg cToGt k|z+;gLo sfd u/]sf] kfO{of] .
d"n zAbx?M cg'ej, lajfb,
d]nldnfk, Gofo, kfnLsf .
!= kl/roM
g]kfn ;/sf/ / g]skf dfcf]afbL lar @)^#
d+l;/ % ut] ePsf] Plss[t zflGt ;Demf}tf cg'?k ;+lawfg ;efsf] lgjf{rg dfkm{t :yflkt
;+lawfg ;efn] gofF ;+lawfg agfO{{ ;f]xL cg'?k /fHo ;+rfng ug]{ lyof] -pk|]tL, @)&!v_ . gofF ;+lawfg -@)&@_ n] u/]sf] ;+3Lo k|fjwfg cg';f/;+3, k|b]z, :yfgLo ;/sf/ ag]
. oxL :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Ps dxTjk"0f{ k|fawfgsf] ?kdf Goflos ;ldlt ;+lawfg d}
Aoj:yf ul/of] . :yfgLo :t/df zlQm x:tfGt/0f / Gofosf] las]lGb|s/0fdf of] Goflos
;ldlt sf]z]9'Ëf ;flat eof] -g]kfn sfg"g cfof]u, @)&@, @)&$,
clwsf/L, @)@#, pk|]tL, @)*!_ . g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf Gofo k|zf;gnfO{ l56f] 5l/tf],
;j{;'ne, ldtJooL, lgZkIf, k|efjsf/L / hgpQ/bfoL agfpg] k|fjwfg ;lxt Gofo /
;fdflhs GofonfO{ df}lns xssf] ?kdf kl/eflift ul/ :yflgo txdf ;d]t GofoLs
;ldltsf] Aoa:yf u/]sf] 5 .
!=! ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf zlStsf] afF8kmfF8M
g]kfnsf] ;+lawfgn] tLg txsf]
;/sf/sf sfdx?nfO{ cg';"lr % b]lv ( ;Dddf afF8kmfF8 u/]sf] 5 .
cg';"rL–%n] ;+3sf] clwsf/, cg';"rL–^n] k|b]zsf] clwsf/, cg';"rL–&n]
;+3 / k|b]zsf] ;femf clwsf/, cg';"rL–*
n] :yfgLo txsf] clwsf/ / cg';"rL–(n] ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo
txsf] clwsf/sf] ;femf ;"rL / ljifox¿ kl/eflift u/]sf] 5 -g]kfn sfg"g
cfof]u @)&@_.
!=@ ;+a}wflgs k|fjwfgaf6} :YfgLo ;/sf/ / GofoLs ;ldlt
;+lawfgsf] efu !& -:yfgLo
sfo{kflnsf_ sf] wf/f @!& df ePsf] Goflos ;ldlt ;DalGw k|fawfg cg'?k pkwf/f
! df sfg"g adf]lhd cfˆgf] clwsf/ If]q leqsf laafb lg?k0f ug{ ufpFkflnsf jf
gu/kflnsfn] k|To]s ufpFkflnsfdf pkfWoIfsf] ;+of]hsTjdf / k|To]s gu/kflnsfdf
pk–k|d'vsf] ;+of]hsTjdf tLg ;b:oLo Ps Goflos ;ldlt /xg]5 eGg] k|fawfg 5 eg]
o;}sf] pkwf/f @ df …pkwf/f -!_ adf]lhdsf] Goflos ;ldltdf ufpF ;ef jf gu/ ;efn]
cfkm" dWo]af6 lgjf{lrt u/]sf @ hgf ;b:ox? /xg]Ú pNn]v 5 -g]kfn sfg"g
cfof]u, @)&$_. g]kfnsf]
;+lawfgsf] cg';"lr * df :yfgLo txsf] Psn clwsf/x?df pnn]lvt sfo{x?
d"ntM :yfgLo :t/df cToflws laafb x'g] ;jfn klg x'g -pk|]tL @)*!_ . To;}n] Gofosf] ;xh kx'Frsf] nflu ;fdfGo k|s[ltsf
ljjfb ;dfwfg ug{sf] nflu GooLs ;ldltn] d]nldnfk, dWo:ytf h:tf pkfox?sf] k|of]u
ug{'kg]{ Aoa:yf ;d]t u/]sf] 5 -cfrfo{, @)@#_ .
@= :yflgo ;/sf/df Goflos ;ldltsf] k|fjwfg
:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g @)&$
-O=;+=@)!&_ n] :yfgLo txsf] Psn clwsf/x? sfof{Gjogsf] nflu ufpFkflnsf tyf
gu/kflnsfsf] sfd, st{Ao / clwsf/ kl/eflift ul/ o;}sf] bkmf !# n] sfo{kflnsfsf]
sfo{ laefhg ;DalGw Aoj:yf u/] cg'?k g} :yfgLo ;/sf/n] cfˆgf] sfd ;DkGg ul//x]sf
5g\ - pk|]tL @)*!, cfrfo{, @)@#_ . Gofodf cfd dflg;sf] kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug]{ g} Goflos
;ldltsf] ;}4flGts dfGotf xf] . t];}n] :yfgLo Gofo ;Dkfbg k|0ffnL ;/n, ;xh, ;'ne
/ sfg"gL zf;g / sfg"g / Gofosf d"ne"t d'No dfGotf / l;4fGt
cg'?k ;~rfng, Aoj:yfkg / sfof{Gjog ePsf] x'g' kb{5 -cfrfo{, @)@#_ . o;}
kl/k|]Ifdf Gofo ;ldltsf] kl/efiff ub}{ a;Gt cfrfo{ -@)@#_ n]Vg' x'G5 æ:yfgLo
laafbsf] ;/n / ;xh tl/sfn] ;dfwfg ug{ Gofodf ;j{;fwf/0fsf] kx'Fr sfod ug{
Gofosf] :yfgLos/0f ug{ h?/L 5 . Gofosf] :yfgLos/0f ug]{ pko'Qm dfWod jf ;+:yfut
;+oGq egs} :yfgLo txsf] Goflos ;ldlt xf]Æ -n]vsLo k]hsf] bf]>f] Kof/f_ .
:yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g @)&$
sf] bkmf !# pkbkmf $ -v_ df pkfWoIf jf pk–k|d'vsf] sfd, st{Ao / clwsf/ tf]s]sf]
5 h;df Goflos ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs eO{ sfd ug]{ klxnf] gDa/df 5 . oxL P]gsf]
kl/R5]b\ * df Goflos sfo{ ;DalGw Aoj:yf u/]sf] 5 -g]kfn sfg"g
cfof]u, @)&$_ . :yfgLo
;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g @)&$ sf] bkmf $& -!_ df laafb lg?k0fsf] clwsf/ 5 . of]
P]gn] :yfgLo Goflos ;ldltn] lg?k0f ug{ ;Sg] lajfbx?sf] nfdf] ;"lr g} pNn]v
u/]sf] 5 .
o;}u/L pkbkmf -@_ df Gofo ;ldltn]
d]nldnfksf] dfWodaf6 dfq laafb ;dfwfg -lg?k0f_ ug]{ clwsf/ lbO{ lajfbx?sf]
;"lr klg pNn]v o/]sf] / o:tf laafbx?df ;DalGwt kIfn] rfx]df l;w} cbfntdf
d'2f bfo/ ug{ ;Sg] Aoj:yf klg u/]sf] 5 . of] P]gsf] bkmf $& pkbkmf $ df xb
Dofbsf] Aoa:yf u/]sf]5 eg] bkmf $* n] clwsf/ If]qsf] k|of]u ;DalGw Aoj:yf
u/]sf] 5 .
#= pb]Zo
of] n]vsf] d'n pb]Zo Goflos ;ldltdf
sfo{/t ;DalGwt clwsf/Lx?nfO{ Gofo ;Dkfbg yk k|efjsf/L agfpg, plgx?n] ul//x]sf] sfddf
cfjZos eP kl/dfh{g / kl/:s[t ug{ / of] ;jfndf rfv /fVg] ;a}nfO{ Goflos ;ldltsf]
ef]ufO{, l;sfO{sf] jf/]df hgsf/L lng jf >f]t ;fdfu|Lsf ?kdf k|of]u ug{ ;d]t
d2t k'uf]; eGg] xf] .
$= lalw
Goflos ;ldltsf] sfdsf] cg'ej, o;sf
;b:ox?sf] ef]ufO{ / l;sfO{ ;DalGw tYof+s ;+sng / laZn]if0f ug{ d}n] @)*) efb|
b]lv @)*! h]i7;Dd g]kfnsf laleGg lhNnfx? -bf]nvf, sf7df8f}+, lrtjg, gjnk/f;L
k"a{, ;nf{xL, sf:sL, nlntk'/_ sf] :ynut e|d0f, laleGg ;+3–;+:yfn] u/]sf
cWoog k|lta]bgsf] ;'Id ;ldIff, Goflos ;ldltsf ;+of]hsx? tyf ;b:ox? tyf emul8ofx?;Fusf]
s'/fsfgL, ;dfhsf cu'jf AolQmx?, lzIfs, kqsf/, kflnsfsf sfo{sf/L clws[t, kqsf/ /
lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlgwL;Fu ;ldIffTds 5nkmn tyf ;fgf–;fgf uf]i7Lx? / kflnsf /
;jf]{Rr cbfntsf k|lta]bgx?sf] dfWodaf6 tYof+s ;+sng / laZn]if0f ul/ of] n]v
t}of/ ul/Psf] 5 .
%= cg';Gwfg kl/0ffd / lain]if0f
:yfgLo lgsfo[1]sf ^ dxfgu/kflnsf, !! pk
dxfgu/kflnsf, @&^ gu/kflnsf / $^) ufpFkflnsf clxn] &%# j6f Goflos
;ldltn] ;+lawfgsf] cg';"lrx? * / ( ;+u ;DalGw laafbx? x]l/ /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfnsf]
/fhgLltdf /x]sf] lkt[;QfTds lrGtgsf sf/0f lgjf{rgdf blno pDd]åf/ lgwf{/0f ug]{
lhDd]jf/Ldf a;]sf g]tfx?n] sfg"gL k|fawfg cg'?k d]o/ jf pkd]o/ dWo] Ps
dlxnf x'g} kg]{ afWotf ePkl5 cToflws kflnsfx?df dlxnfnfO{ d]o/ jf k|d'vsf] kbsf]
pDd]åf/df gagfO{ pk k|d'v jf pkd]o/df l;ldt u/]sf sf/0f Goflos ;ldltsf cToflws
;+Vofdf ;+of]hsx? dlxnf /x]5g\ . olx kl/j];df of] v08df cg';Gwfg kl/0ffd / lain]if0f k|Zt't ul/Psf] 5 .
%=! Goflos ;ldltnfO{ P]ltxfl;s bfoLTj /
zlQm k[ysLs/0fnfO{ r'gf}lt
;+lawfgsf] wf/f @!& cg'?k zlQm
afF8kmfF8 ubf{ :yfgLo txdf Goflos clwsf/ lbO{g' ;d'bfosf] Gofo dflysf] kx'Fr
a9fpg] ;+;f/d} clt sd dfq ePsf] cgf}7f] cEof; / kl/If0f /x]5 . t/ of] cEof;n]
Gofosf s]xL :yflkt ;}4flGts dfGotfx?nfO{ r'gf}tL lbP5 . h:t}, /fhgLlts ?kdf
kf6L{sf] k|ltlglwTj ub}{ lgjf{lrt AolQmn] lg:kIf Gofo lbg a]~r v8f u/L Goflos
cEof; ubf{ zlQm k[ysLs/0fsf] dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft gu/]sf] b]lvof] -l/hfn /
pk|]tL, @)*!_ . s'g} kf6L{sf] l6s6af6 lgjf{rg lhtL pQm kf6L{sf] ;b:o /x]s}
cj:yfdf lg:kIf Gofo lbg' kg]{ kbLo lhDd]jf/L s;/L ;Gt'ng x'G5 eGg] k|Zg ;d]t p7\g
yfn]sf] b]lvG5 .
%=@ Goflos ;ldltsf] cg'ej / l;sfO{
Goflos ;ldltsf] klxnf] sfo{sfnsf
klxnf @–# aif{ ;Dd t Goflos ;ldlt ;b:ox? tyf kflnsfx?df cGof}n g} b]lvPsf] /x]5
. lsgsL Psftkm{ Goflos ;ldltsf] cjwf/0ff g} gofF, csf]{tkm{ cfd dflg;df Goflos
;ldltx?n] lgZkIf Gofo lbg ;S5g ls ;Sb}gg eGg] ;+sf /x]5 . t/ kl5 la:tf/} of]
cj:yfdf kl/jt{g cfO{ Goflos ;ldltsf] k|efjsfl/tf / laZj;gLotf klg a9\b} uPsf] kfO{of]
. :yfgLo Goflos ;ldlt dfkm{t :yfgLo :t/d} Gofo–;]jf k'¥ofpg] sfd ;do, nfut / k|efjsf
b[li6sf]0faf6 ;d]t clt pko'Qm lasNk /xsf] kfO{of] . -pk|]tL, @)*!_ .
:yfgLo :t/d} Gofosf] ;'lglZrttfn]
;dfhdf zflGt, ;b\efj / ;xsfo{sf] k|a4{g ePsf] -cfrfo{, @)@#_ / Goflos ;ldltx?n]
d"ntM cfkmgf] lhDd]jf/L / bfloTjsf] ?kdf sfof{Gjog ul//x]sf] kfO{of] -pk|]tL,
@)*!_. Goflos ;ldltn] laleGg l;ldttfsf afah'b klg :yfgLo :t/df Gofosf] kxF'r
a9fpg pNn]Vo e'ldsf v]n]sf] b]vfPsf] 5 . xfdLn] laleGg lhNnfdf Goflos ;ldltx? /
o;sf pkef]Qmfx?;Fu u/]sf] 5nkmnx?df klg :yfgLo txdf / sdhf]/ au{sf] Gofodf
kx'Fr k'¥ofpg dxTjk"0f{ / k|efjsf/L ePsf] kfO{of] -cfrfo{, @)@#_.
t/ sfg"gL 1fg tyf cGo
k"jf{wf/sf] cefjsf sf/0f :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;~rfng P]g @)&$n] GofkLs
;ldltnfO{ lbPsf ;a} clwsf/x? k"0f{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg ;Sg] cj:yfdf ;a} Goflos
;ldltx?df g/x]sf] kfO{of] .
%=# Goflos ;ldltdf ;dfwfgsf nflu cfpg] d'2fx?M
Goflos ;ldltdf ;a} eGbf al9 cfpg] laafb /
åGåx?df sa'n cg';f/ Ps cfk;sf] n]gb]g gu/]sf]Ù >LdltnfO{ cjx]ngf u/]sf],
hUufsf] ;fFw l;dfgf ldlrPsf], afa'–cfdfnfO{ 5f]/f5f]/Ln] gkfn]sf] jf x]nf
u/]sf] jf b'Mv lbPsf]Ù afnL–gfnL xfgL gf]S;fgL u/]sf]Ù ;dodf 3/–hUuf axfn
glt/]sf], uf]/]6f] af6f], s'n];f], ;fj{hlgs hUuf ldr]sf], 3/–6x/f lgdf{0f ubf{
an]gL csf{sf] hUufdf k'Ug] u/L lgdf{0f u/]sf], hUuf ;DalGw lalaw laafb -hfnem]n,
hUuf kf;df em]nL, yf]/} hUuf lwtf], If]qkmn gk'u, gLlh hUufaf6 dsf{ kg]{ u/L
af6f] s'nf] lgdf{0f cfbL_, ;xsf/L ;+:yfx?af6 cfˆgf] art lemSg gkfPsf] jf C0f
lng gkfPsf], gSsnL ls;fgx?nfO{ hyfefaL s[lif tyf c? ;/sf/L cg'bfg lbPsf], gftf
sfod ug]{, laafx btf{ gul/lbPsf], l;+rfO{, kfgL lat/0f ;lx gePsf], vfg]kfgLsf]
>f]t ;DalGw bfla la/f]w, s'6lk6, dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg / ufnL a]O{HhtL, ;DaGw
laR5]b\, >Ldfg–>LdtL lar emu8f / 5f]8\g rfx]sf], afa'n] afnaRrf gkfn]sf]
jf vfg nfpg glbPsf], k/fk'a{sfn b]lv Pp6f ;d'bfon] pkof]u ub}{ cfPsf] kfgLsf]
d"naf6 laleGg >f]taf6 cfly{s ;xof]u h'6fO{ Tof] kfgLsf] d'xfgaf6 csf]{
;d'bfodf pkof]u u/L /x]sf], ;d'bfosf] l:js[lt lagf g} kfgL n}hfg vf]Hbf pTkGg
laafb cfbL /x]sf 5g\ -rGb|flu/L gu/kflnsf @)*),/f]ª ufpFkflnsf @)&&, gfufh'{g gu/kflnsf, -@)&*, pk|]tL,
@)*!_.
%=$= Goflos ;ldltn] ef]u]sf k|d'v ;d:ofx?M
Goflos ;ldltsf] laut & aif{sf] sfdsf] cfwf/df lo
;ldltx?n] :yfgLo :t/d} Gofosf] ;xh kx'Fr k'¥ofpg] dxTjk"0f{ sfd u/L 7f]; cg'ej
;d]t xfl;n ul/;s]sf dfq x}g w]/} ;d:of / sl7gfO{ klg ef]u]sf /x]5g\ h:sf] ofxf
5f]6f] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
s_ sfo{kflnsfsf] ;xof]udf sdLM
sfo{kflnsfn] Goflos ;ldltnfO{
ck]lIft ;xof]u gu/]sf] af/]df d}n] e]6]/ 5nkmn u/]sf w]/} Goflos ;ldlt ;b:ox?n]
sfo{kflnsfn] cfjZos kg]{ hgzlQm, cfly{s >f]t / ef}lts ;xof]u ck]lIft ?kdf
pknAw gu/fO{lbPsf] tyf Goflos ;ldltsf lg0f{ox? sfof{Gjog ug{ kflnsfn] ck]lIft
;xof]u gu/]sf] wf/0ff /fv]sf lyP . slt kflnsfdf t Goflos ;ldltnfO{ a]jf:tf g}
u/]sf] klg hfgsf/L kfO{of] . kflnsf k|d'vn] k"0f{ ;xof]u gu/]sf] cj:yfdf
Gofokflnsf cfkm}n] dfq k|efjsf/L sfd ug{ g;Sg] /x]5 . To;}n] sfo{kflnsfaf6 plrt
ah]6 lalgof]hg tyf ef}lts ;xof]u -sfo{sIf, sDKo'6/, ;jf/L ;fwg_ / Goflos
;ldltsf lg0f{o sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos 5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
v_ ;+/rgf, k"jf{wf/ / Ifdtfsf] sdLM
Goflos ;ldltn] ;fdgf u/]sf csf]{ ;d:of
;ldltsf] sfo{ ;~rfngfy{ cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] sdL /x]5 . o;sf] af/]df
;fj{hlgs ;+rf/ dfWoddf klg Aofks rrf{ ePsf] b]lvG5 . pbxf/0fsf] nflu, sf7df8f}+
kf]i6n] !( h'nfO{ @)!( df Goflos ;ldlt af/] Ps ;dfrf/ 5fKof] h;df n]lvPsf]
lyof] æk|b]z % sf ;a}h;f] Goflos ;ldltx? sfof{no :yfgfefjsf sf/0f lg:s[oÆ -Aryal et al 2019_ . ToxfF yk n]lvPsf] lyof] ef}lts k"jf{wf/,
sd{rf/L, sfg"gL 1fg / hgr]tgfsf] cefj g} Goflos ;ldltsf] sdhf]/
sfo{;Dkfbgsf] sf/0f / r'gf}tL xf] . To;} u/L #) hgj/L @)@) df sf7df8f}+ kf]i6n]
;DkfbsLo g} n]Vof] æ:yfgLo Goflos ;ldltdf :yfgLo åGå ;dfwfg l;ksf] cefaÆ eGg]
lzif{sdf . of] cj:yf vf;u/L b'u{d If]qsf / ufpFkflnsfx?df al9 b]lvof] -pk|]tL,
@)*!_.
laleGg ;dodf laleGg AolQmx?n]
u/]sf] cWoogn] klg ;+:yfut, bIf hgzlQm / sfg"gL k|s[ofsf] hfgsf/Lsf] cefj,
:yfgLo Goflos ;ldltsf] sfdsf] d"n sl7gfO{ ePsf] b]vfP5 -Bhattarai, 2021 & 2022; Wagle, 2019; Shrestha
& Wagle, 2019; clwsf/L
@)@#, ;jf]{Rr cbfnt, @)&* / @)&(_ . xfdLn] bf]nvf, lrtjg, gjnk/f;L
nufotsf lhNnfx?df u/]sf] cWoogn] klg …IfdtfÚ, …hgzlQmÚ / …>f]tÚ sf] ulx/f]
cefj Goflos ;ldltsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] k|d'v cj/f]w ePsf] b]vfPsf] 5 -pk|]tL,
@)*!_.
u_ aflif{s sfo{of]hgf gx'g'M
w]/} Goflos ;ldltx?n] >f]t ;fwg
;DkGg Goflos ;ldlt afx]s cg'ejsf] sdL, bIf ;xof]uL hgzlQmsf] cefj, kflnsfsf] k|d'v;Fusf]
dgd'6fjsf sf/0f / k|d'v k|Zff;sLo clws[tn] ;xof]u gubf{ aflif{s sfo{ of]hgf agfpg
g;s]sf] jf agfPsf] klg k|efjsf/L gePsf] eg]/ laleGg lhNnfsf ptt/bftfx?n] eg]sf
lyP . aflif{s sfo{of]hgfsf] cefjdf sfdx? xr'jfsf] e/df ug'{ kg]{, k|fyldstf
lgwf{/0f, >f]t Aoj:yfkg / kl/rfng h:tf ;jfndf sl7gfO{ kg]{ /x]5 -pk|]tL,
@)*!_.
3_ Ifdtf clea[l4sf] ;jfnM
Goflos ;ldlt /fhgLltaf6 cfPsf
hgk|ltlgwLx?af6 aGg] / pgLx?n] k|efjsf/L ?kdf Goflos sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ cfjZos kg]{
sfg"gL 1fg, l;k / z}lIfs k[i7e'ld ;a} ;b:ox?df gePsf] cj:yfdf sfo{kflnsfx?n]
Ifdtf clea[l4sf laz]if sfo{s|dx? ug'{ kg]{df of] sfd k|efjsf/L ?kdf gePsf] eGg]
pQ/bftfx? clws lyP . laleGg k|lta]bgx? -pk|]tL, @)*!, l8cf/;L @)@#, cfrfo{,
@)@#_ n] klg of] ;jfndf kflnsfx?n] kof{Kt Wofg lbg g;s]sf] tYo pNn]v u/]sf 5g\
. Goflos ;ldltsf] Ifdtf lasf;df ;Ifd sfg"gL k[i7e'ldsf ;xof]uL hgzlQm
-sfg"gsf] bVvn ePsf_ Aoj:yfkg ug]{, Goflos sfo{ ;Dkfbg ug{ ldNg] / kof{Kt
sfo{sIf, sDKo'6/, ;jf/L ;fwg / ;'/Iff ;xof]uLsf] Aoa:yfdf kflnsfx?n] Wofg lbg'kg]{
b]lvG5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
ª_ d]nldnfk ;DalGw
1fg / l;ksf] cefjM
Df]nldnfk Goflos ;ldltsf]
dxTjk"0f{ sfd eP klg o;sf] ;}4flGts 1fg / Aojxfl/s l;k geO{ d]nldnfk
k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] cg'ej Goflos ;ldlt ;b:ox?sf] lyof] -pk|]tL, @)*!_. Pshgf
;b:on] eGg' eof], æGoflos ;ldltsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfd eg]s} ufpFdf b]lvg]
laafbx?nfO{ b'a} kIfn] gxf/]sf] dx;'; x'g] u/L d]nldnfk u/fpg' xf] . of] sfd
;lhnf] 5}g / o;sf] nflu laz]if sfg"gsf] 1fg / l;k, ;dGjosf/L Ifdtf / ;+rf/
bIftf rflxg] /x]5 h'g xfdL /fhgLlts k[i7e'ldsf dflg;df cefj ePsf]n] d]nldnfk
u/fpg sl7gfO{ eof] . xfdLn] pgLx?nfO{ ufpFd} ;Gt'i6 kf/L ldnfpg g;Sbf km]/L
pgLx? lhNnf g} hfg' kof]{ / emGeml6nf] k|s[of Aoxf]g'{ kof]{ . sfo{kflnsfn]
d]nldnfk ;DalGw laleGg kflnsfsf Goflos ;ldltx? lar cg'ej cfbfg k|bfg, d]nldnfk
;DalGw ;}4flGts / Aojxfl/s tflndsf] nflu cfjZos >f]t lbb}g . aflx/L
;+:yfx?n] s]xL o:tf tflnd lbP klg ;a}n] kfPsf 5}gg\ .Æ of] egfO{af6 klg k|i6
x'G5 sL d]nldnfk ;DalGw 1fg / l;k slt dxTjk"0f{ x'g] /x]5 .
r_ kflnsf leq} ;dGjosf] sldM
Goflos ;ldltsf] sfd a[xQ, cfd
hgtf;Fu k|ToIf hf]l8Psf] / kflnsf leqsf laleGg laefu, zfvfx?sf] sfd ;d]t o:tf
laaflbt ;jfn;Fu klg hf]l8g] x'Fbf kflnsf leqsf ;+/rgfx? -laefu, zfvf, ;ldlt
cfbL_ lar k|efjsf/L ;dGjosf] cfjZos x'g] tYo of] & aif{sf] kflnsfsf Goflos
;ldltx?sf cg'ejn] klg k'i6L u/]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df Pshgf Goflos ;ldltsf ;+of]hsn]
eGg' eof], ækflnsf leqsf laefux? larsf] ;dGjo u/fpg] dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf
k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tsf] x'G5 . pgLx? d]o/sf] Ozf/f cg';f/ dfq sfd u5{g\ . d]o/
Goflos ;ldlt k|lt ;sf/fTds eP pgLx?n] cln–cln ;xof]u u5{g\, geP t jf:t}
ub}{gg\, eGof] eg] klg slxn] x'G5 x'G5 dfq eG5g\ ub}{gg\, slxn] of] / Tof] lgod
b]vfP/ ;xof]u ub}{gg\ . d}n] yfxf kfP ;Ddsf clws kflnsfx?df k|d'v sfo{sf/L
clws[tx?n] Goflos ;ldltnfO{ ck]lIft ;xof]u u/]sf 5}gg\ .Æ k|d'v sfo{sf/L
clws[tx? ;+3af6 cfpg] x'Fbf pgLx? :yfgLo ;/sf/ k|lt eGbf ;+3 k|lt pQ/bfoL x'g]
ePsf]n] of] cj:yf cPsf] /x]5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
5_ lkl8tsf] p2f/ / ;'/Iffdf
sl7gfO{M
afnaflnsf, czQm / a[4a[4f jf To:t}
laz]if kl/l:yltsf AolQmx?sf] tTsfn p2f/ ug'{kg]{ cj:yfdf ;'/lIft /fVg] 7fpFsf]
cefj÷>f]tsf] cefj, ;]jf s]Gb| jf ;+s6 Aoj:yfkg s]Gb|, afn ;'wf/ u[x,
k'g:yf{kgf s]Gb| h:tf ;]jf k|bfos ;+/rgfx?sf] cefjsf sf/0f sltko cj:yfdf Goflos
;ldlt k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf /x]g5g\ -pk|]tL, @)*!_. Goflos ;ldltdf cfpg] sltko
laafb clt ;+a]bgzLn -dlxnf, afnaflnsf, sdhf]/ cj:yfsf dflg;_ x'g] / sltkodf
lkl8tnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg'kg]{ cj:yf cfpF5, k|x/Ls} ;'/Iff klg cfjZos k5{,
lkl8td}qL ;'g'jfO{ :ynx? x'g' kb{5 . t/ o:tf] Aoj:yf ug{ g;Sbf sl7gfO{ ePsf] /x]5
. gu/ k|x/Lsf] cfˆg} w]/} lgpldy sfddf Ao:t /xg] / plgx?nfO{ Goflos ;ldltdf
tf]s]/ lhDd]jf/L glbbf lkl8tsf] ;'/Iff ug{ sl7gfO{ / r'gf}tL ePsf] /x]5 -pk|]tL,
@)*!_ .
h_ d]nldnfk s]Gb|sf] Ifdtf, tTk/tf / ;dGjodfM
d]nldnfk s]Gb|sf] Ifdtf, tTk/tf /
;dGjodf klg sdhf]/L b]lvof] . d]nldnfk g} Goflos ;ldltsf] dxTjk"0f{ sfd
ePsf] t/ oxL af/]sf] Ifdtf sdhf]/ x'Fbf Goflos ;ldlt k|efjsf/L gePsf] kfO{of] -pk|]tL,
@)*!_.
em_ czQmx?sf] Goflos ;ldltdf kx'Frdf sl7gfO{M
czQm -a[4–a[4f_, h]i7 gful/sx?, ckfËtf
ePsf AolQmnfO{ Goflos ;ldlt ;Dd ;xh kx'Frdf sl7gfO{ -sltko cj:yfdf ef}lts kx'Fr
eO{ sl7gfO{_ ePsf] kfO{of] . o;n] ubf{ h]i7 gful/sx?, ckfËtf ePsf AolQmnfO
sfg"gdf ;xh kx'Fr gePsf] cj:yf klg b]lvof] -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
`_ lkl8tsf] uf]kgLotf ;'/lIft ug]{ r'gf}tL / u'gf;f] ;'Gg] ;+oGqsf] cefjM
w]/} Goflos ;ldltsf] cfˆgf] 5'§} /
;'/lIft sfof{no klg gePsf] / sfuhftx? ;d]t ;'/lIft /fVg] /fd|f] ef}lts
;+/rgfsf] cefj, aofg lng] sIf, k|ltIffno gePsf]n] sl7gfO{ ePsf] kfO{of] -pk|]tL,
@)*!_. lkl8t;Fu uf]Ko aofg lng] sfdnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg'kg]{ t/ plrt
k"jf{wf/sf] cefjdf lo sfdx? k|efjsf/L x'g g;s]sf] kflnsfsf Goflos ;ldlt
;b:ox?af6 hfgsf/L kfO{of] -pk|]tL, @)*!_. ;+3Lo dfdnf tyf ;fdfGo k|Zff;g dGqfno
/ dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf h]i7 gful/s dGqfnox?n] k|To]s :yfgLo txx?df u'gf;f]
;'Gg] ;+oGq :yfkgf ug{ kl/kq klg u/]sf] /x]5 . t/ w]/} kflnsfx?n] o:tf
;+oGqx?sf] :yfkgf / Aojl:yt ;+rfng u/L ;s]sf /x]g5g\ h;n] ubf{ Goflos ;ldltnfO{
k|efjsf/L ?kdf sfd ug{ sl7g x'g] /x]5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
6_ sfg"gL k/fdz / cGtl/d /fxtsf] ;jfnM
s]xL Goflos ;ldltx?df lkl8tx?sf] sfg"gL
;]jf / k/fdz{ k|efjsf/L kx'Frdf sl7gfO{ /x]5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_. lhNnf sfg"gL
;]jf ;ldlt, ;]jf s]Gb|x?, af/ Pzf]l;o;gsf OsfO{x? dfkm{t sfg"gL k/fdz{
pknAw x'g] Aoj:yf eP/ klg o;sf] kx'Frdf sl7gfO{ /x]sf] Goflos ;ldlt ;b:ox?sf]
egfO{ lyof] . Goflos ;ldltn] vf; vf; cj:yfdf lkl8tnfO{ 5f]6f] ;dosf] nflu /fxt
lbg' kg]{ cj:yf cfog] t/ s]xL Goflos ;ldltx?df o;sf] pknAwtf / Aoj:yfkgdf
sl7gfO{ b]lvof] -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
7_ ;?jfsf] ;d:of / If]qflwsf/ laafbM
Ps} jif{df tLg rf/ k6s;Dd kflnsfsf
k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[t;?jf ePsf] sf/0f kflnsfaf6 k|zf;lgs ;xof]u kfpg sl7gfO{ ePsf]
klg kfO{of] -pk|]tL, @)*!_. tLg txsf ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo ;/sf/x? lar If]qflwsf/
c:ki6 gx'bf oL tLg tx lard} åGå b]lvPsf] / o:fn] Goflos ;ldltsf] sfddf k|ToIf gs/fTds
k|efj k/]sf] s'/f ptt/bftfx?af6 ;'lgof] . ;fy} ;+3n] ;dod} sd{rf/L ;DalGw
sfg"g gaPsf] / ;dod} sd{rf/L gk7fPsf]n] :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ sfddf Hofb}
sl7gfO{ ePsf] / o;sf] k|efj Goflos ;ldltdf k/]sf] /x]5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
8_ kflnsf / If]qut sfof{no lar tyf k|d'v / pk–k|d'v lar laafbM
lautdf lhNnf:t/sf If]qut sfof{no
tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/aLr If]qflwsf/af/] åGåx¿ p7\g] /x]5g\ -8]df]s]|;L l/;f];{
;]G6/;g\ @)!*_. @)&# df3df Onfddf :yfgLo ;/sf/ / lhNnf lzIff sfof{noaLr åGå
b]lvPsf] /x]5 . o:tf laafbsf sf/0fn] ubf{ kflnsf / Goflos ;ldltsf] sfdd} k|efj
kf/]sf] /x]5 . :yfgLo ;/sf/ k|d'v / pkk|d'vaLr w]/} 7fpFdf åGå /x]sf] /
k|d'vx?n] lg0f{o lng] a]nfdf pkk|d'vx¿;Fu 5nkmn tyf ;Nnfx gug]{, plgx?nfO{ sfd ug{
cfjZos ;'ljwf glbOPsf], k|d'vsf] ;xfossf] ?kdf dfq Aoaxf/ ul/Psf] eGg] ;jfn
af/Daf/ p7]sf] lyof] . km/s km/s bnx?sf k|d'v / pkk|d'v /x]sf :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿df
of] åGå cem al9 ePsf] /x]5 . olt ;DdsL ;Kt/Lsf] ltnf7L–sf]Onf8L ufpFkflnsfsf
pkfWoIfn] cWoIflj?4 cfkm"nfO{ ;+nUg gu/fOsg} Goflos ;ldlt u7g u/]sf]
cf/f]k;lxt cbfntdf d'2f g} xfn]sf] kfO{of] -8]df]s|];L l/;f];{ ;]G6/, @)!*_.
9_ Goflos ;ldlt ;+of]hssf kltx?af6 x:tIf]kM
8]df]s|];L l/;f];{ ;]G6/ -@)!*_ eGg]
;+:yfsf] ko{j]If0f k|lta]bgdf dxf]Q/L tyf wg'iffsf s]xL :yfgLo ;/sf/df dlxnf pkk|d'vx¿sf
>Ldfgx¿n] Goflos ;ldltsf] ;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ cfkm}Fn] k|of]u ul/ lg0f{o
lng] / Goflos ;ldltsf] ;+of]hssf] e"ldsf rfFlx >Ldfgn] tf]s]sf]
sfuhftdf x:tfIf/ ug{'df dfq} ;Lldt /x]sf] tyf sxLsxL pkk|d'vx¿ cfkm}Fn] cfˆgf
>LdfgnfO{ …;xfosÚ sf] e"ldsfdf lgo'Qm u/]sf] pNn]v 5 . pk–k|d'vx? dlxnf
ePsf] dw];sf s]lx kflnsfx?df pgLx?n] cfˆgf] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf >Ldfgsf] ;xof]u
lng] u/]sf] klg kfO{of] . >Ldfg g} pk–d]o/sf] ;xof]uL, /fhgLlts ;Nnfxsf/ tyf
cgf}krfl/s, ca}tflgs ;Nnfxsf/sf] ?kdf /x]/ sfd u/L lbg] u/]sf] klg kfO{of] -pk|]tL,
@)*!_.
0f_ Goflos ;ldltsf ;bZodf sfg"gL 1fgsf] cefjM
Goflos ;ldltdf sfg"gL 1fgsf]
cefj ePsf] eg]/ clws pQ/bftfx?n] eg]sf] kfO{of] -pk|]tL, @)*!_. s'g laafbsf] d'2f
btf{ ug'{ x'g] / s'g ug{ gx'g] xf] Tof] af/]df /fd|f] hfgsf/L / gLltut k|i6tf
gx'Fbf ulDe/ ck/fwsf d'2f klg btf{ x'g cfpg] u/]sf] / o;n] kl5 hl6ntf yKg]
u/]sf] cj:yfsf] af/]df klg gjnk/f;L -k"a{_, bf]nvf, lrtjg lhNnfsf pQ/bftfx?n]
p7fPsf lyo . k/Dk/fut Goflos k|0ffnL /x]sf d':tfª, alb{of lhNnfdf Gofo lbg] k'/fgf
/ :yfgLo 1fg hGo cEof; / Goflos ;ldlt h:tf] gofF Gofo k|0ffnL afFlemg] cj:yfn]
klg hl6ntf yk]sf] /x]5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_ .
t_ ;/sf/L :yfoL sd{rf/L tyf lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwaLr
dte]bM
lgjf{lrt hgk|ltlglwx¿ / g]kfn
;/sf/sf :yfoL sd{rf/Lx¿ aLrsf] /fhgLlts / Joj;flos dte]bn] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf]
cfwf/e"t sfo{;Dkfbgdf g} klg c;/ kf/]sf] /x]5 -8]df]s|];L l/;f];{ ;]G6/
-@)!*_ . of] cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf ePsf laleGg lhNnfsf 5nkmndf Goflos ;ldltsf w]/}
;+of]hsx?n] sd{rf/Laf6 ck]Iffs[t ;xof]u gkfPsf] ;jfn p7fpg' ePsf] lyof] -pk|]tL,
@)*!_. nueu b'O{ bzs;Dd :yfgLo PsfOsf sfo{sf/L kbdf /x]sf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln]
lgjf{lrt lgsfox¿sf] clwsf/ ;xh} l:jsfg{ grfx]sf] / lgjf{lrt clwsf/Lx¿sf]
lhDd]jf/LnfO{ sdhf]/ agfpg vf]h]sf] a'emfO{ lgjf{lrt clwsf/Lx¿ /x]5 . zf;gdf
nfdf] cg'ej /fv]sf] 7fGg] lghfdtL sd{rf/L / hgtfn] 5fg]sf] lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwaLr
ghflgbf] k|lt:kwf{ /x]5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_. k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[tnfO{ cToGt} w]/}
clwsf/ lbOPsf] eGg] lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿ a'emfO{ /x]sf] / lghfdtL sd{rf/Lx¿ eg]
lgjf{lrt k|ltlglwx¿n] lgod sfg"gnfO{ vf;} jf:tf gug]{ tyf dtbftf l/emfpg]
sfddf ah]6 lgsf;f ug{df dfq} Wofg lbg] u/]sf], plgx?n] lgodx? a]jf:tf u/]sf]
eGg] a'emfO{ lar tgfj /x]5 -8]df]s|];L l/;f];{ ;]G6/, @)!*_ . h:t} tgFx"sf]
aGbLk'/ ufpFkflnsfn] @)&$ kmfu'gdf ;a} j8fsf ;a} jg pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿ e+u u/]kl5
o:tf] e+u ug]{ lg0f{o jg P]g @)$( tyf jg lgodfjnL @)%! cg';f/ lhNnf jg
sfof{nosf] /x]sf] egL la/f]w u/]sf] /x]5 -8]df]s|];L l/;f];{ ;]G6/, @)!*,
pk|]tL, @)*!_ .
y_ Goflos ;ldlt g} lg:s[oM
>f]tsf] cefj, 1fg / l;ksf] cefj,
hgzlQm cefj, kflnsf k|d'vx? / sfo{sf/L k|d'vx?sf] c;xof]u cfbL Goflos ;ldlt lg:s[o
agfpg] k|d'v sf/0f /x]5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s0ff{nLsf clwsf+z :yfgLo txdf Goflos
;ldlt lgZs[o /x]sfn] ;j{;fwf/0fn] ;fgf] ljjfb / d'2fdf klg Gofo kfpg g;s]sf]
cGgk"0f{ kf]i6sf] @)&^ h]7 #! z'qmaf/sf] c+sdf /x]sf] lznfkqn] pNn]v u/]sf] 5[2] . of] cWoogsf] ;dodf ;Dks{ u/]sf
s]xL pQ/bftfx?sf] a'emfO{ klg o:t} lyof] -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
b_ pkd]o/sf] sfo{af]emM
pk–d]o/n] g} /fhZj k/fdz{, ah]6 tyf
of]hgf / Goflos ;ldlt u/L clt dxTjk"0f{ # j6f If]qsf] g]t[Tj ug'{kg]{
x'Fbf o;nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;DkGg ug{ la1x?sf] ;xof]u cfjZos kg]{ t/ la1x?
pkd]o/nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ pknAw gx'Fbf sfddf afwf k/]sf] tYo k|To]s 5nkmndf ;;St
p7]sf] lyof] -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
w_ bnLo /fhgLlts/0fsf] k|efjM
/fhgLlts bnx?af6 lgjf{lrt
k|ltlglwx¿af6} Goflos ;ldltx¿ aGg] x'gfn] oL ;ldltx¿sf] bnut /fhgLlts/0f ePsf]
/ o;}sf/0f ;ldltx? k|efsf/L x'g g;s]sf] klg kfO{of] -pk|]tL, @)*!_. km]l/ ptf
;dfhn] d]nldnfkstf{nfO{ /fhgLlts bnsf] sfo{stf{sf] ?kdf x]g{] u/]sf] klg
kfO{of] . dWo:ystf{df of] ;dZof yk hl6n /x]sf] / / slt 7fpFdf dWo:ystf{x?sf]
lautsf] k[i7e'ld klg s'g} bnsf] glhs ePsf] sf/0f Goflos ;ldltdf sfd ubf{
pgLx?nO{ bnLo b[li6sf]0faf6 Aojxf/ u/]sf] kfO{of] -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
%=% ;'wf/sf If]qx?M
laut *
aif{sf] Goflos ;ldltsf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df Goflos ;ldltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg xfn
sfod /x]sf] laleGg c:ki6 k|fawfgx?sf] AofVof, ;'wf/, la:t[tLs/0f jf gofF
k|fawfg yk u/L Gofodf :yfgLo hgtfsf] ;xh kx'Fr ;'lglZrt ug{ cfjZos 5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_. o:tf ;'wf/sf ;DefAo If]qx?sf] ;+lIfKt rrf{
tn ul/Psf] 5 .
%=%=! sfg"g, lgodfjnL tyf lgod sfo{lawL ;'wf/ tyf hgr]tgf clea[l4M
laut * aif{sf] cg'ejsf] cfwfdf
Goflos ;ldltsf] sfd k|efjsf/L agfpg cj/f]w ug]{ sfg"g, gLodfjnL tyf sfo{lawLdf
;ldIff u/L ;'wf/ ug{ cfjZos 5 .
clxn] klg Goflos ;ldlt ;DalGw cfd
dflg;df k"0f{ hfgsf/L /x]g5 / o;sf] k|efjsfl/tfdf k|efj kf/]sf] /x]5 -pk|]tL,
@)*!_ . To;}n] emul8ofx?n] /ftL;Dd klg sfo{sIfd} /x]/ emu8f / laafb u/L /xg] /
plgx?nfO{ ;DemfO{ a'emfO{ u/L d]nldnfk u/fpg' kg]{ t/ pgLx? hlt ;DemfpFbf klg
g;Demg] cj:yfdf kl/j{tg Nofpg k|To]s kflnsfx?n] j8f:t/df Goflos hg;r]tgf
sfo{s|d ;~rfng ug{ cfjZos 5 .
%=%=@ sfg"gsf] 1fg ePsf] hgzlQm Aoj:yfkgM
;a} :yfgLo Goflos ;ldltdf sfg'gsf]
/fd|f] 1fg ePsf ;xhstf{, sfg'g clws[t pknAw gePsf]n] sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf sl7gfO{ ePsfn]
sfg'gL 1fg ePsf] AolQm :yfgLo Goflos ;ldltsf] sfd ug]{ u/L Aoj:yf ug{ cfjZos 5
. To;} u/L clxn];Dd Goflos ;ldltsf] nflu sfo{/t /x]sf d]nldnfkstf{x? sfg'gL bvn
gePsfn] plgx?n] ug]{ sfo{x?sf] sfg"g ;Ddt ePsf] ;'lglZrttf ug{ k|b]zn] jf kflnsfn]
Goflos ;xhstf{x?nfO{ tflnd lbO{ jf k|f/lDes 5gf]6d} sfg"gsf] hfgsf/L ePsf]
AolQm 5fGg] Aoj:yf ldnfpg' cfjZos 5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
%=%=# cg';GwfgnfO{ k|fyldstfM
ca Goflos ;ldltn] sfd ug{ yfn]sf]
klg ;ft aif{ k'uL ;s]sf]n] Goflos ;ldltx?sf] sfo{;Dkfbgdf ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Gt'i6L
af/] la:t[t cWoog ug{ cfjZos 5 . æhlt /fd|f] sfd ubf{ klgÆ emul8ofx?n] / ;dfhn]
;d]t h; glbPsf] eg]/ Goflos ;ldltsf s]xLzbZox?n] lg/fzf AoSt ug{' ePsf]n] of]
lg/fz lrg{ o:tf] cj:yf lsg cfPsf] xf] cg';Gwfg ul/ sf/0f kTtf nufO{ lg/fs/0f
ug]{ cEof;nfO{ ;+:yfut ug'{ kb{5 . cg';Gwfgn] gldn]sf] gLltut, sfg"gL /
k|s[ofut ;jnx? ;Daf]wg ug{ klg k|df0f >[hgf ul/lbG5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
%=%=$ lhNnf Gofoflwzaf6 k|lzIf0fM
sltko kflnsfsf k|d'v jf d]o/n]
Goflos ;ldlt cfˆgf] lhDd]jf/L gePsf] h;/L c;xof]u ug]{, cfjZos ah]6 pknAw
gu/fpg], laafb >[hgf u/fO{ lbg] kflnsfsf sd{rf/L klg d]o/ tkm{ nflu sl7gfO{
>[hgf ul/lbg] eGg] u'gf;f] ;Daf]wg ug{ Goflos ;ldltsf] sfdsf] cg'udg ug]{ lhNnf
Gofoflwzn] ;DalGwt kflnsfsf k|d'v, sfo{sf/L clws[t / Goflos ;ldltsf ;b:ox?
;d]tnfO{ ;+o'St k|lzIf0f lbO{ of] ;dZofsf] ;Daf]wg ug'{ kg]{ b]lvG5 . Goflos
;ldltsf] sfd -…k|s[ofÚ, …laifoa:t'Ú / z}nL ;DalGw_ cg'udg lhNnf Gofoflwzn] ug]{
k|fawfg cg'?k lhNnf Gofoflwzn] ug]{ cg'udgnfO{ ;+:yfut / lgoldt u/L l;k l;Sg]
cj;/ Aojl:yt ug{ cfjZos 5 . lhNnf l:yt cbfntn] lgoldt cg'udg u/]sf / k|lzIf0f
lbPsf kflnsfx?df Gofo ;Dkfbg / laafb ;dfwfg k|efjsf/L ePsf]n] of] cEof;nfO{ yk
kl/:s[t ug'{kg]{ /x]5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
%=%=% ;dGjo / ;ldIff a}7sM
Goflos ;ldlt, kflnsf k|d'v, sfo{kflnsf,
j8f cWoIf, j8f ;ldlt, Goflos ;xhstf{ lar k|efjsf/L ;dGjo gx'Fbf sfd k|efjsf/L
x'g g;s]sf] eg]/ pQ/bftfx?n] eg]sf]n] of] ;jfnsf] ;Daf]wg ug{ kflnsf k|d'vsf]
;+of]hsTjdf lgoldt ;dGjo / ;ldIff a}7sx? ul/ Goflos ;ldltsf] sfd k|efjsf/L
agfpg' cfjZos 5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
%=%=^ ;+3Lo x:tIf]k Go"gLs/0fM
:yfgLo ;/sf/x?nfO{ ;+3Lo dfdnf,
;fdfGo k|zf;g dGqfnon] y/L y/L kmDof{6 / lgb]{zg k7fpFbf sfo{ ;Dkfbgdf sl7gfO{ ePsf]
egg] Goflos ;ldltsf] wf/0ff /x]sf]n] o:tf kmDof{6 / lgb]{zg eGbf :yfgLo ;/sf/s}
Ifdtf lasf;nfO{ k|fyldstf lbg' pko'Qm b]lvG5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
%=%=& kflnsf k|d'vn]
Goflos ;ldltsf lg0f{o sfof{GjogM
laafb ;DalGw km};nf Goflos ;ldltn]
ug]{ / o;sf] sfof{Gjog sfo{kflnsfn] ug'{kg]{ bfloTj ePklg Goflos ;ldltsf
;+of]hs / ;b:ox?sf] egfO{df sfo{kflnsfn] Goflos ;ldltsf lg0f{ox? sfof{Gjog
gu/fpg] jf cf+lzs sfd dfq u/fpg], / ;fwg >f]t g5'6\ofpg] u/]sf]n] of] cj:yf
kl/jt{g ug{ sfo{kflnsfn] Goflos ;ldltsf lg0f{ox? O{dfGbfl/tf;fy sfof{Gjog
u/fpg] / cfjZos ;fwg >f]t pknJw u/fpg] Aoj:yf kflnsf k|d'vn] ldnfpg cfjZos 5
. ;fy} Goflos ;xhstf{, j8fWoIf, Goflos ;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf] ;xsfo{nfO{ cfwf/e't k'j{
zt{ agfO{ sfo{ ug{ cfjZos 5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
%=%=* clen]vLs/0f / tYof+s Aoj:yfkgM
:yfgLo
Goflos ;ldltx?sf] clen]vLs/0f sdhf]/ /x]sf] b]lvPsf]n] Goflos ;ldltn] ;DkGg
u/]sf sfdx?, km};nfx?, lalw, k|s[of cfbL ;a} ;lxt k"0f{ clen]vLs/0f ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5
. s]xL gu/kflnsfx?n] ;ˆ6j]o/ -Software_ /fvL :yfgLo Goflos ;ldltdf cfPsf
laafbsf] 8f6fa]z -Database_ g} t}of/ u/]/ /fv]sf] / o;f] ubf{
kl5 cfpg] ;ldltnfO{ ;d]t ;xh x'g] x'Fbf ;a} kflnsfx?n] ;ˆ6j]o/ k|of]u ug'{
pko'Qm x'g] b]lvof] -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
%=%=( cfrf/;+lxtfM
Goflos ;ldltsf] laZj;lgotf a[l4 ug{
/ Gofo ;Dkfbg lgi7fk"j{s, g}lts w/ftnaf6 lgZkIf, OdfGbfl/tf / kf/blz{tf
;fy ;DkGg ug{ Goflos ;ldltx?n] cfrf/ ;+lxtf t}of/ u/L nfu' ug{ / d]nldnfkstf{x?nfO{
yk cled'vLs/0f ug{ cfjZos 5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
%=%=!) Goflos ;ldltx?sf] Ifdtf lasf;M
laleGg Goflos ;ldltx?sf] Ifdtf km/s
ePsf]n] sdhf]/ Ifdtf ePsf Goflos ;ldlt / kflnsfx?sf] Ifdtf clea[l4 ug{ cajZos b]lvG5
. ;s];Dd cgnfO{g dfWodaf6 ;]jf k|jfx ug]{, x6nfOgsf] Aoa:yf / cgnfOg,
6]lnkmf]g, df]jfOn PK;, P;PdP;sf] k|of]uaf6 d'2f btf{ ug]{, Aoa:yf ldnfog
cfjZos 5 . o:fsf] nflu Goflos ;ldltsf ;+of]hs, ;b:ox? ;"rLs[t d]nldnfkstf{
/ Goflos ;ldltsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ Ifdtf clea[l4 ;DalGw cfjZos tflndsf] Joj:yf ug{ cfjZos
5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_. laB'tLo k|lawL k|of]u, hgzlQm / >f]tsf] Aoj:yfkg ef}lts
k"jf{wf/ lasf;n] Goflos ;ldltsf] k|Effjsf/Ltf / laZj;gLotf a9\5 . xfn
kflnsf / j8fx?df sfo{/t d]nldnfkstf{n] Gofo lg?k0fdf dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf
lgjf{x u/L /x]sf] kl/k|]Ifdf pgLx?sf] yk l;k lasf; u/L j8f :t/df yk ;zQm
agfpFbf Gofodf kx'Fr yk ;/n x'g] / laafb ;dfwfg k|efjsf/L x'g] b]lvof] . o;sf]
nflu :yfgLo sfo{kflnsfx?n] aflif{s ah]6 lalgof]hg u/L cfjZos ;xof]u ug'{ kg]{
klg b]lvG5 . k|To]s kflnsfdf Goflos If]q;Fu ;DalGwt u'gf;f]x? ;'Gg Ps ;+oGqsf]:yfkgf
ug'{ cfjZos 5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_ .
%=%=!! lawL / k|s[ofaf/]sf] k|i6tfM
laafb btf{ ug]{ cflwsfl/s lhDd]jf/L
j8fsf] xf] ls, sfo{kflnsfsf] xf] ls, Goflos ;ldlt xf] eGg] klg k|i6 gePsf] / btf{ rfFxL k|To]s j8fdf g}
u/]/ j8f dfkm{t Goflos ;ldltdf k7fpg' kg]{ elg Goflos ;ldlt ;b:ox?sf] ;'emfj
;d]t ePsf]n] of] af/]df af/]df :yfgLo ;/sf/n] sfg"g g} agfO{ k|i6 kfg'{
cfjZos 5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
%=%=!@ /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgsf] e"ldsfM
/fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgn] Goflos
;ldltsf] sfg"gL Ifdtf lasf;df dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf v]Ng ;Sg] ePsf]n] o;n]
;a} Goflos ;ldltx?df /0fgLlts ;fem]bf/L u/L Goflos ;ldltsf] sfg"gL Ifdtf
lasf;df dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf v]Ng' kg]{ b]lvG5 . o;} ;xsfo{ cGtu{t Goflos
;ldltx?nfO{ ;'zf;g, k]zf lgi7f, kf/blz{tf, / tYof+s Aoj:yfkg h:tf Aojxfl/s
;jfndf klg k|lzIf0f lbg cfjZos 5 . /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fgn] tof/ kf/]sf]
:yfgLo Goflos ;ldlt -sfo{ ;~rfng_ lbUbz{g, @)*) Goflos ;ldltsf] nflu dxTjk'0f{
;Gbe{ ;fdu|L ePsf]n] o;sf] k|of]u yk Aofks agfpFg cfjZos 5 -/fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg, @)*), pk|]tL, @)*!_.
%=%=!# Goflos ;ldltsf aflif{s k|lta]bg k|sfzgM
s]xL Goflos ;ldltx?n] cnUu} aflif{s
k|utL k|lta]bg klg k|sfzg ug]{ u/]sf]n] ;a} Goflos ;ldltdf of] cEof; ubf{
tYof+s klg ;'/lIft /xg] / Ps csf{ ;ldltn] l;Sg] cEof;df ;xof]u k'Ug] x'Fbf
k|lta]bg k|sfzg Goflos ;ldltsf] lgoldt aflif{s sfo{s|d agfpg pko'Qm x'G5 -pk|]tL,
@)*!_.
%=%=!$ d]nldnfk s]Gb| :yfkgfM
j8f :t/df kflnsfx?n] >f]t ;DkGg
d]nldnfk s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L ;s];Dd laafbsf] ;dfwfg j8f s} d]nldnfk s]Gb|n] ug]{
kl/kf6L ;+:yfut ubf{ Gofodf hgtfsf] kx'Fr al9 ;'lglZrt x'g] b]lvof] eg] lhNnf
cbfnt / dflyNnf] cbfntx?df af]em klg sd x'G5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
%=%=!% c? kflnsfx?af6 l;Sg]
cEof;nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{M
afbL–k|ltafbL
pkl:yt u/fpg Hofb} ufx|f] x'g] ef]ufO{ laleGg lhNnfsf Goflos ;ldlt ;b:ox?af6
;'lgof] . of] ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu o:t} k|s[ltsf ;d:ofx? c? kflnsfx?n] s;/L
;Daf]wg u/]sf /x]5g\, Tof] x]/L pgLx?af6} l;Sg] cEof; ug'{ pko'Qm x'g] b]lvof] -pk|]tL,
@)*!_ .
%=%=!^ c;Qm, afnaflnsf p2f/ / czQm
d}qL ;+/rgfsf] Aoj:yfM
afnaflnsf, c;Qm / a[4a[4fnfO{
laz]if kl/l:yltdf p2f/ ug'{kg]{ eP klg ;a} kflnsfdf of] Aoj:yf gePsf]n] Goflos
;ldltsf] dftxt /xg] u/L of] Aoj:yf ug{ pko'Qm x'G5 . Hf]i7 gful/s, czQm,
ckf+utf ePsf AolQmx?sf] Goflos ;ldlt, ufpF sfo{kflnsf;Dd ;xh kx'Fr k'¥ofpg
kflnsfx?n] czQm d}qL ;+/rgf lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos 5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
%=%=!& d]nldnfk tyf dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ s]Gb| :yfkgfM
Goflos ;ldltsf] d"n sfd g}
d]nldnksf] dfWodaf6 laafbsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ ePsf]n] ;Dej eP ;Dd j8f txdf d]nldnfk
s]Gb| :yfkgf u/L cfjZos >f]t / hgzlQm Aoj:yfkg u/]/ k|To]s j8fsf laafbx?
ToxL j8fd} ;dfwfg ug]{ kl/kf6L lasf; ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 --l/hfn / pk|]tL, @)*!_ .
åGå/t kIfnfO{ d]nldnfksf] dfWodaf6
laafb ;dfwfg ug{ dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{ s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf / kl/rfngn] dxTjk"0f{
e'ldsf v]Ng] ePsf]n] Goflos ;ldlt dftxt /xg] u/L k|To]s kflnsfdf Ps dgf];fdflhs
k/fdz{ s]Gb| :yfkgf ug{ pko'Qm b]lvG5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
;fdflhs Gofo ;'lglZrt ub}{
lkl8tnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg] k|s[ofdf Goflos ;ldltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg kflnsfx?n]
cfˆgf] sfo{If]q Goflos ;ldltsf] l;kmfl/;df /fxt lbg] k|fawfg ;lxtsf] Aoj:yf
eof] eg] Goflos ;ldltsf] sfd al9 k|efjsf/L / hgd}qL x'g] /x]5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
%=%=!* cg'ejdf cfwfl/t cfk;L l;sfO{M
laleGg kflnsfsf Goflos ;ldltx?n]
lalzi7 cg'ej ;+ufn]sf 5g\ . sl7gfO{ ef]u]sf 5g\, ef}lts cEof; u/]sf] cg'ejx?
5g\ -pk|]tL, @)*!_. To;}n] Goflos ;ldltx? Ps cfk;df e]63f6, e|d0f u/L cg'ej
cfbfg k|bfg ug]{ sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L / lgoldt ?kdf cl3 a9fpg' cfjZos 5 -l/hfn / pk|]tL, @)*!_.
^= lg:sif{
laut ;ft cf7 aif{sf] cg'ejsf]
cfwf/df Goflos ;ldltsf] Gofo ;Dkfbg ;DalGw sfdsf] :yfgLo hgtfaf6 ;sf/fTds
d"Nof+sg ePsf] / Gofosf] kx'Fr :yfgLo hgtf;Dd k'¥ofO{ sfg"gsf] zf;g :yfkgfdf
Goflos ;ldltsf] e'ldsf dxTjk"0f{ b]lvPsf] 5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_. t/ klg Goflos
;ldltn] cfjZos ;xof]u -cfly{s, ef}lts, sfg"gL lab, d]nldnfk s]Gb| :yfkgf,
tYof+s Aoj:yfkg, lg0f{o sfof{Gjog cfbL_ sf] cefjdf ck]lIft sfd ;DkGg ug{
sl7gfO{ ePsf] kfO{of] .
hgtfsf k|ToIf ;/f]sf/ / b}lgs
hglhlasf;Fu hf]l8Psf ;jfnx? h:t} h]i7 gful/ssf] ;+/If0f, l;+rfO{ s'nf], hUuf /
jg ;DalGw laafb ;dfwfg, ;xsf/Lsf] laafb, 3/ef8f n]gb]g, awzfnf Aoj:yfkg laafb,
s/f/, l5d]sL / ;fFw l;df ;DalGw laafbx?, ufnL unf}h, vfg]kfgL ;DalGw laafb,
dhb'/sf] Hofnf, AolQmsf] ;DklQ lgsf;, k|b'if0f, af6f] nufot ;fj{hlgs :yn
ldlrPsf] laafbdf :yfgLo Goflos ;ldltn] :yfgLo hgtfnfO{ Gofo lbnfpg / czQm,
a[4–a[4f, afnaflnsfx?sf] Gofodf ;xh kx'Fr a9]sf] 5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
g]kfndf Aoj:yf ePsf] o:tf] k|s[ltsf]
Goflos ;ldlt hxfF sfo{sf/L lhDd]jf/L ;d]t ePsf] hglgjf{lrt AolQmx?n] Goflos
l;4fGt cg'?k Gofo lbg] ;+;f/s} gofF cEof; dWosf] xf] elgG5 . o:tf] lalzi7
k|s[ltsf] ;+/rgf eP/ klg o;sf] sfdsf] af/]df kof{Kt b:tfj]hLs/0f, AofVof
laZn]if0f rfFxL ePsf] 5}g . lo Goflos ;ldltx?n] cg'ejaf6 vfl/b}+ xfl;n u/]sf
c;n cEof;x? Aojl:yt / lgodlt ?kdf b:tfj]hLs/0f / laZn]if0f ug'{ clt cfjZos 5 .
of] cEof;sf] /fd|f] laZn]if0f / k|rf/–k|;f/ x'g ;Sg] laZjs} nflu Pp6f g]kfnaf6
l;Sg ;lsg] kf7 x'g] 5 -pk|]tL, @)*!_.
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
·
clwsf/L, /d]z . -@)@#_ .
Goflos ;ldltsf] Gofo lg¿k0f k|lqmof . b Ph's]6/ hg{n, !) -!_, ^–!% . https://doi.org/10.3126/tej.v11i1.54441
·
cfrfo{
a;Gt -@)@#_ cgGt v';Lsf] l;tn 5xf/L, Goflos ;ldltM cj:yf / ck]Iff . sf7df8f}+M
k}/aL a's xfp; k|f=ln=.
·
gfufh'{g gu/kflnsf, -@)&*_, Goflos ;ldltaf6
;Dkflbt sfo{x¿sf] k|ult k'l:tsf -@)&$–@)&*_ . sf7df8f}FM gfufh'{g
gu/kflnsf .
·
/f]ª
ufpFkflnsf . -@)&&_ . Goflos ;ldlt ;~rfng sfo{ljlw, @)&& . O{nfdM /f]ª ufpFkflnsf .
·
rGb|flu/L gu/kflnsf -@)*)_ Goflos ;ldltsf lg0f{ox? .
sf7df8f}+M rGb|flu/L gu/kflnsf
·
g]kfn
sfg"g cfof]u -@)&@_, g]kfnsf] ;+lawfg . sf7df8f}FM g]kfn sfg"g
cfof]u .
·
g]kfn
sfg"g cfof]u -@)&$_ :yflgo ;‘/sf/ ;+rfng P]g . sf7df8f}FM g]kfn sfg"g
cfof]u .
·
8Lcf/;L
-8]df]qm];L l/;f];{ ;]G6/ g]kfn_ -@)!*_, g]kfndf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ;~rfng /
r"gf}tL -k|f/lDes k|ltj]bg, @)!* hgj/Lb]lv d] ;Dd_ . sf7df8f}+M 8]df]qm];L
l/;f];{ ;]G6/ g]kfn .
·
g]kfn
gu/kflnsf ;+3 . -@)&*_ . Goflos ;ldltsf c;n cEof; . sf7df8fF}M g]kfn
gu/kflnsf ;+3 . https://muannepal.org.np/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/Judiciary-stories-180mm-x-245mm-size.pdf
·
/fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg -@)*)_ .
:yfgLo Goflos ;ldlt -sfo{ ;~rfng_ lbUbz{g, @)*) . sf7df8fF}M /fli6«o Goflos k|lti7fg .
·
;jf]{Rr
cbfnt . -@)&*_ . ;jf]{Rr cbfntsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)&&÷&* .
sf7df8f}F https://supremecourt.gov.np/web/assets/downloads/annual/An7778.pdf
·
gfufh'{g
gu/kflnsf, -@)&*_, Goflos ;ldltaf6 ;Dkflbt sfo{x¿sf] k|ult k'l:tsf
-@)&$–@)&*_ . sf7df8f}FM gfufh'{g gu/kflnsf .
·
;jf]{Rr
cbfnt . -@)&(_, ;jf{]Rr cbfntsf] jflif{s k|ltj]bg, @)&*÷&( .
sf7df8f}FM ;jf]{Rr cbfnt .
·
l/hfn, d'lQm /fd / pk|]tL, lji0f' /fh
. -@)*!_ . ljjfb ;dfwfgdf Goflos ;ldltsf] e"ldsfM Ps l;+xfjnf]sg .
sf7df8f}FM gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg .
·
pk|]tL,
lji0f'/fh . @)*! . g]kfndf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf Goflos ;ldltsf ef]ufO{ / l;sfO{ .
sf7df8f}F M b'uf{–zfGtf
;fdflhs ljsf; ;dfh .
·
pk|]tL
lji0f' /fh -@)&! s_ g]kfndf ;z:q åGå / o;sf] k|efj . sf7df8f}+M g]kfn ;]G6/
km/ sG6]Dkf]/]/L l/;r{ .
·
pk|]tL
lji0f' /fh -@)&! v_ g]kfnsf] zflGt k|s[of / /fHo lgdf{0fsf r"gf}tLx? .
sf7df8f}+M g]kfn ;]G6/ km/ sG6]Dkf]/]/L l/;r{ .
·
Bhattarai N. (2022). Legal System Practices of
Local Bodies in Federal Governance, NUTA Journal, 9 (1 & 2), DOI: https://doi.org/10.3126/nutaj.v9i1-2.53843
·
Bhattarai, R. (2021). Assessing the
Function of Judicial Committees in Nepal: Case Study of Bhaktapur District. Kathmandu
School of Law Review, Volume 9 & 10, Issue 1, pp 79-89
https://doi.org/10.46985/kslr.v10iS1.2190
·
Wagle, N. (2019). Judicial Committees in
Federal Nepal, Nepalese Constitutional Law, Governance and Public Policy
Issues, , available at
https://bipinadhikari.com.np/miscellaneous/references/the-conundrum-surrounding-judicial-committees/,
accessed on 21 August 2024.
·
Shrestha T.P and Wagle, N. (2019).
Judicial Committees in Nepal: A Closer Look. Kathmandu: Nepal Law Society and
The Asian Foundation.
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