;fj{hlgs gLltsf] cjwf/0ff / g]kfnsf] cj:yf

                                                            8f=lji0f' /fh pk|]tL[1]

kl/a]zM

g]kfn lghfdlt sd{rf/L ;+u7g cy{dGqfno laefuLo sfo{;ldltsf cWoIf lagf]b ;'a]bLhLn] g]uf] cy{ ;Gb]z k':tssfnflu n]v n]lVflbg eGbf d}n] æd cy{ If]qsf] 1ftf x}g n]lVbgÆ eGbf pxfFn] tkfO{n] gLltdf sfd u/]sf], åGåsf] If]qdf bVvn ePsf] la1 AolQm ePsf]n] tkfO{{sf] rfx]sf] lzif{sdf n]Vg';, dnfO{ Tolx lbg';\ d ToxL cg';f/ lrl¶ agfP/ k7fpF5' eGg' eof] . d}n] km]l/ eg] d]/f] n]vx? cln cfnf]rgfTds -ls|l6sn_ x'G5g\, ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ dg k/]g eg] sfF65fF6 u5{g, To;}n] d n]lVbg eGbf pxfFn] tkfO{sf] n]vdf xfdL s'g} sfF65fF6 ub}{gf}, o:tf] n]Vg' klg eGb}gf} tkfO{sf] n]v]sf] tkfO{ g} lhDd]jf/ xf], h:tf] n]Vg' x'G5 xfdL t]lx 5fK5f} egg'eof] . clxn] ;Dd @% j6f n]v hDdf eO{{;s] / olx d+l;/ dlxgf leq k':ts 5fkL ;Sg' kg]{ 5 . To;}n] @ xKtf leq %–^ xhf/ zAb;Ddsf] n]v n]lv lbg cg'/f]w u/] cg';f/ d}n] of] n]v t]of/ kf/]sf] 5' .

d]/f] of] n]v k|fl1s b[li6sf]0faf6 eGbf klg d'nt cg'ejhGo Aojxf/ / gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgsf] sfo{sf/L cWoIfsf] lhDd]jf/Ldf /xbf ef]u]/ l;s]sf / cg'e"lthGo b[li6sf]0faf6 g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs gLltaf/] ofxf 5nkmn ul/Psf] 5 .

of] n]vnfO{ d}n] d"nt @ v08df afF8]sf] 5' . klxnf] v08n] ;fj{hlgs gLltsf ;}4flGts / cjwf/0ffut dfGotfx?af/] 5nkmn u/]sf] 5' eg] bf]>f] v08df g]kfnsf] gLltsf ;Gbe{sf cg'ejx? ;d]6]sf] 5' .

 

Vf08 PsM ;fj{hlgs gLlt

!=! ;fj{hlgs gLltM cjwf/0ff / lrGtg

;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ laleGg laåfgx?n] laleGg tl/sfn] k|:t't u/]sf 5g\ - Anderson, 2011; Brikland, 2016; Charles and Malone, 1995; Dye, 2013; Gerston, 2014; Howlett et. al., 2009; Howlett and Ramesh 2003_ . k|Voft gLlt la1 h]D; PG8/;g n]V5g\ …;d:of ;dfwfgsf] nflu s'g} klg ;/sf/n] lnPsf] vf; p2]Zok"0f{ sfo{of]hgf g} ;fj{hlgs gLlt xf]Ú -Anderson, 2011_ . To;}u/L csf{ ;fj{hlgs gLlt la1 yf]d; cf/= 8fP n]V5g\ …;/sf/n] u/]sf jf ug{ vf]h]sf ;a} s[ofsnfk ;fj{hlgs gLlt x'gÚ -Dye, 2013) .

RffN;{ sf]r/fg / Onf]O; dfn]g]sf cg';f/ …;fdflhs nIo k|fKt ug{ ;/sf/n] lnPsf] p2]Zok"0f{ sfo{of]hgf ;fj{hlgs gLlt xf]Ú -Charles & Malone, 1995) . csf{ laåfg xf/f]N8 nf;j]nsf cg';f/ …/fHo jf ;/sf/af6 s;n], slxn], s] s], / s;/L kfpF5 eGg] lg0f{o ug]{ k|s[of ;fj{hlgs gLlt xf]Ú -Laswell, 1951 and 1956) .

o;}u/L lk6/ ufPsf] egfO{ 5 …cfˆgf gful/ssf] hLjgdf k|efj kfg]{ ;/sf/sf ;a} s[ofsnfk ;fj{hlgs gLlt x'gÚ -Peter, 2015 and 2020) . o:t} ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] If]qdf VoftL k|fKt laåfgx? rfN;{ lnG8Njf]d -!(%( / !(&(_, 8]le8 cf:6f]g -!(^%_, ufP lk6;{ -@)!%_, cf/f]g pN8fe:sL -!(&#_, OnLgf]/ cf]i6«f]d -!(()_ n] klg ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] kl/efiff u/]sf 5g\ / lo ;a}sf] ;f/ rfFxL gful/ssf] hLjgdf k|efj kfg]{ ;/sf/sf ultlawLx?sf] of]u g} ;fj{hlgs gLlt -Peter, 2015_ eg]sf 5g\ . cf]i6«f]dsf] egfO{ rfFxL ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfgsf nflu :yfgLo hgtf hlt ;Ifd sd{rf/L s'g} tl/sfn] klg x'b}gg\ -Ostrom, 1990_ .

dfly pNn]lvt ;a} laåfgx?sf kl/efiff 5f]6f, a[xQ If]q ;d]6]sf / cjwf/0ffut / ;fdfGo a'emfO{sf] nflu kof{Kt ePklg Aojxf/df eg] xfdLn] lo kl/efiffnfO{ cln AofVofTds / sfof{Gjog';f/sf]  ug{ ;lsg] u/L la:tf/ ug{ cfjZos 5 . o;} dfGotfdf /x]/ d}n] u/]sf ;flxTo ;ldIff -ln6/]r/ l/Eo'_ / # aif{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ly+s 6\of+s gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgsf] sfo{sf/L cWoIf e} sfd ubf{sf] cg'ej ;d]t ;+Zn]if0f u/L lgDg cgcln AofVofTds kl/efiff u/]sf] 5' .

s] xf] ;fj{hlgs gLlt< ;fj{hlgs gLlt eGgfn] cfw'lgs ;dodf /fHo'n] vf; laifo jf If]q jf lalzi7 hgfb]z sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos kg]{ a[xud b[li6sf]0f, lglZrt p2]Zo, sfo{of]hgf / o;sf] sfof{Gjogsf]nflu cfjZos kg]{ >f]t -dfgj, cfly{s, ;+:yfut ;+/rgf_sf] k|If]k0f ;lxt lglZrt ;do tf]lsPsf] dfu{lrt xf] h:df  kl/a]z hf]l8Psf] x'G5, sfof{Gjog lhDd]jf/L / ;+oGq v'n]sf] x'G5 / sfof{Gjog k|efjsfl/tf dfkgsf cfwf/ ;lxt pNn]v ePsf] x'G5 . t]z}n] o;nfO{ dfu{lrq klg elgPsf] xf] . zfj{hflgs gLlt l;ldt >f]tsf] plrt kl/rfng, cl;ldt rfxgfx? dWoaf6 k|fyldlss/0f ul/ sfof{Gjog dkmf{t  hg ck]Iff k"/f ug{sf] Nfflu t}of/ ul/Psf] x'G5 .

!=@ /fd|f] zfj{hfgLs gLlt eg]sf] s:tf] xf]<

/fd|f] zfj{hfgLs gLltdf k|i6 p2]Zo, d'Vo s[ofsnfkx? / o:sf] sfof{Gjogsf] of]hgf ;fwgf >f]t, hgzlQm / ;+/rgfsf] k|Ifk0f tyf k|efjsfl/tf d'Nof+sg / ;ldIffsf]nflu ;dofjlw tf]lsPsf] xG5 -Anderson, 2011; Brikland, 2016; Charles and Malone, 1995; Dye, 2013; Gerston, 2014; Howlett et. al., 2009; Howlett and Ramesh 2003). olb lt cjojx? ePgg eg] Tof] gLlt sfof{Gjogdf hfg Hofb} al7g x'G5 . To;}n] /fHon] agfpg] s'g} klg gLltx?df sDtLdf lo ^ j6f k|fjwfgx? ;dfa]z u/]s} x'g' kb{5 .

!=# ;fj{hlgs gLltsf s]xL ;j{dfGo ;}4flGts laz]iftfx?

!_ ;fj{hlgs gLltx? p2]Zod"ns x'G5g\ logLx? ;w}e/L /fHosf s'g} g s'g} ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{, ;fj{hlgs lxt k|aw{g ug{, vf; vf; kl/0ffd k|fKt ug{df s]lGb|t /x]sf x'G5g\ (Lasswell, 1951 and 1956; Lindblom, 1959 and 1979; Peters 2015 and 2020) .

@_ /fHon] ug'{kg]{ bfloTj, lg0f{o;Fu ;DalGwt eP/ g} ;fj{hlgs gLltx? th'{df / sfof{Gjog ePsf x'G5g\ -Anderson, 2011; Brikland, 2016; Charles and Malone, 1995; Dye, 2013; Gerston, 2014) . To;}n] o:tf gLltx? k"0f{ t ;/sf/sf] sfo{If]q leq k/]sf / ;/sf/L ;+:yfn] cfkm}n] jf c? ;+:yfx?sf] ;xsfo{df sfof{Gjog ub{5g\÷u/fpF5g\ . pgLx?nfO{ lo gLlt sfof{Gjog u/fpg c?nfO{ lbg] clwsf/ eP klg lhDd]jf/L rfFxL k"0f{ ?kdf cfˆg} x'G5 . o:tf gLltx? /fHoaf6 l:js[t geO{{ s'g} klg ;+:yfn] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;Sb}gg\ .

#_ ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf] k|s[of ;w}e/L ax'–cfoflds x'G5 . o;df ;/sf/, ;]jfu|fxL, gful/s, la1x?, ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yf, gLlh If]q cfjZostf cg';f/ ;a} / ;w} -h;f]_ ;+nUg, ;s[o eO{{ of]ubfg lbPsf x'G5g\ . To;}n] of] k|s[of ;dfa]zL -;a} ;d]l6Psf]_ / ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?n] :jfldTj -Ownership_ lnPsf] x'G5 (Rijal and Upreti, 2022).

$_ ;fj{hlgs gLltx? ultlzn, nrsbf/ / kl/jt{gzLn x'G5g\ . ;fj{hlgs gLltx?nfO{ l:y/ /fVg' x'b}g -kf7s, pk|]tL, / v8sf, @)&*_. clgjfo{ cfjlws ;ldIffsf]nflu gLltsf] uxgtf x]/L ;ldIffsf] ;do tf]Sg' kb{5 . o:tf] ;ldIff ul/g] cjlw rfFxL k|To]s %–% aif{df ul/g] k|fawfg clgjfo{ /flvg' kb{5 . /fhg}lts, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, k|flalws kl/at{g kl5 gLltsf] ;ldIff ul/ gL0f{o lng' kb{5 -gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg, @)&(_ .

%_ ;fj{hlgs gLltx? d"nt afWosf/L x'G5g\ . /fHon] s'g} klg gLlt agfO{{ ;s]kl5 To;sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog /fHos} bfloTj xf] . gLlt agfpgsf nflu÷af}l4s lanf;sf nflu dfq geO{ sfof{Gjogsf nflu x'G5g\ lsgsL logLx?sf] lgdf{0f cfjZostf cfwf/df ul/Psf] x'G5 -zdf{ / pk|]tL, @)&*_.

^_ ;fj{hlgs gLltx? ;dfwfgd"vL x'G5g\ jf gofF r'gf}tL ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|of]hgsf nflu agfO{Psf x'G5g\ . To;}n] gLltx? d'nt ;dfhsf ;fj{hlgs cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ s}nflu agfO{{Psf x'G5g\ -gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg, @)&(_.

&_ ;fj{hlgs gLltx? ;+;fwg -Resources_ df cfwfl/t eP/ dfq sfof{Gjogdf hfG5g\ . s'g} klg gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg cfly{s >f]t, bIf hgzlQm, k|flalws Ifdtf / ;+:yfut Ifdtfdf lge{/ x'g] x'Fbf of] kIfnfO{ ;fj{hlgs gLlt agfpFbf g} laif]; Wofg lbg' kb{5 -zdf{ / pk|]tL, @)&*_ .

*_ ;+;baf6 jf Soflag]6af6 3f]if0ff x'g] 7"nf] gLltx? -lzIff, :jf:Yo, l;df, k//fi6«, /Iff, cy{, laQ, cflb_ lb3{sfnLg / eljiodf Aofks ?kdf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, /fhgLlts ?kdf ;sf/fTds c;/ kfg]{ u/L to ul/g' kb{5÷ul/Psf] x'G5 (Rijal and Upreti, 2022).

(_ gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] nflu /fHosf df}h'bf sfg"g, lgod, ufO{8nfO{{g pknAw ePsf x'G5g\ . t/ o:tf df}h'bf sfg"g, lgod, lgb]{lzsfn] gLlt sfof{Gjogdf cj/f]w u/] eg] o:tf k|fawfg gLlt nfu' ug'{ eGbf cuf8L l;ldt sfo{If]q eO{{ cj/f]w ug]{ cj:yf cfPdf ;+;b jf dGqL kl/ifb\ a}7saf6 kl/dfh{g u/L jf gofF agfO{{ gLltx? sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg' kb{5 -gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg, @)&(_ .

!)_ ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] k|d'v laz]iftf eg]s} s'g} AolQm jf ;d'xsf] :jfy{ s]lGb|t -k|ToIf÷ck|ToIf_ geO{{ a[xt ?kdf hglxtdf hf/L ePsf ;dfgtf, Gofo / hglxt k|aw{g ug]{ k|s[ltsf x'G5g\ o;nfO{ klAns OG6/]K6 l8«eg gLlt klg elgG5 (Rijal and Upreti, 2022).

t/ s]xL laåfgn] eg] ;/sf/n] gLlts} dfWodaf6 klg cfkm"n] ug{ grfx]sf] sfd l;w} jf 3'dfp/f] u/L /f]Sg ;S5g\ klg eg]sf5g\ . o; k|;+udf 8fO{ eG5g\ …;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ ;/sf/n] ug{ jf gug{ /f]h]sf] sfo{ eg]/ klg elgG5Ú -Dye 2013) . of] eGbf cln leGg larf/ /fVb} PG8/;g eG5g\ ;fj{hlgs gLlt ax'klIfo k|s[of / p2]Zo s]lGb|t lg0f{o xf] -Anderson 2011_ . o;} dfGotfnfO{{ la:tf/ ub}{ xfpn]6 /d]z / k]n{ eG5g\ …;fj{hlgs gLlt /fhgLlts, k|zf;lgs / ;fdflhs k|0ffnLsf ;+o'Qm ;x–pTkfbg xf] -Howlett, Ramesh and Perl, 2009) .

dfly pNn]lvt gLltsf laz]iftfnfO{ plhNofpg] u/L lj|snf08 yK5g\, ax'klIfo kfqx?;Fusf] ;xsfo{df agfO{g] o:tf gLltx? ultlzn / kl/jt{gzLn x'G5g\ -Brikland, 2016_ . lalwut k|s[ofnfO{ hf]8 lbg' kg]{ dfGotfnfO{ yk ;zQm agfpg] u/L al/i7 gLltzf:qL nf;jon eG5g\, gLlt lgdf{0fnfO{ gLlt rs|df cfwfl/t /lx agfpFbf al9 k|efjsf/L x'G5 -Laswell, 1956_ .

!=$ ;fj{hlgs gLltsf sdL sdhf]/Lx?

;fj{hlgs gLlt /fHosf] nflu ckl/xfo{ / clgjfo{ xF'bf x'b} klg o;sf] Aofks / c:ki6 k|s[ltsf sf/0f o;sf s]xL ;}4flGts l;df tyf sdL sdhf]/Lx? rfFxL 5g\ . ;fj{hlgs gLltsf d'Vo l;ldttf cyf{t sdL sdhf]/Lx? lgDg cg';f/ 5g\M

;fj{hlgs lgltx? ts{;+ut -Rational_ x'G5g\ eGg] cfwf/e"t dfGotf x'Fbf x'b} klg slxn] sfFxL ;'rgfsf] cefj, ;dosf] bjfj, /fhg}}lts x:tIf]k, >f]tsf] sdL / dfgjLo sdhf]/Lsf sf/0f k"0f{ ts{;+ut x'b}gg, h;nfO{ xj{6 l;dgn] afp08/L ¥of;gfln6L -Boundary rationality_ eg]sf 5g\ -Simon, 2013 & 1955_ .

sltko cj:yfdf ;fj{hlgs gLltsf sfg"gL / ;+a}wflgs l;dfx? klg x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu gLlt lgdf{0f d"nt ;+a}wflgs bfo/f leq dfq ul/g' kb{5 . To:t} df}h'bf ;+a}wflgs bfo/f ;fF3'/f] ePsf] cj:yfdf klg gLltnfO{ k"0f{ agfpg jf pbf/ agfpg sl7gfO{ x'g ;S5 .

cfly{s / lalQo cefjn] klg ;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ v'DRofO{ lbPsf] x'G5 . ;fj{hlgs gLlt k|efjsf/L agfpg] eg]sf] sfof{Gjog ug]{ bIf hgzlQm / ;'xfpFbf] ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / o;sf] Ifdtfn] g} xf] . t/ lo b'a}sf] cefj eof] eg] ;fj{hlgs gLlt lg:k|efjL x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu clt dx+uf] :jf:Yo pks/0f lsg]/ :jf:Yo ;]jf k|efjsf/L agfpg] eg] klg Tof] d]l;g rnfpg laz]if 1fg / l;k ePsf] dflg; ePg eg] Tof] To;} yGs]/ a:5 .

;fj{hlgs gLltdf ;+;f/e/ b]lvPsf] ;bfjxf/ ;d:of s] xf] eg] 7f]; k|df0f / cfwf/ lagf ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df ug'{kg]{ /fhg}lts bjfj . o:tf] bjfj cem al9 t ;Qf kl/jt{g kl5 x'G5 jf 7"nf cfGbf]ngn] Nofp5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf gLltn] lg/Gt/tf gkfpg], o;sf] :jfldTj gofF ;Qfn] glng] x'Fbf kl5 lg:s[o eP/ klg hfg ;S5 . To;} u/L ;fdflhs d"No, k/Dk/f, efiff, ef}uf]lns If]qdf /xg] leGgtfsf sf/0f klg ;fj{hlgs gLlt lg:k|efjL aGg ;S5g\ .

k|Zff;lgs l9nf;':tL, gLlt k|efjsfl/tfsf] d"Nof+sg gug]{ kl/kf6L, k|f]T;fxg÷k'/:sf/ / b08 ;hfosf] kf/bzL{ cEof;sf] cefj, tYodf cfwfl/t geO{ dgf]dfgL 9+un] sfd ug]{ sd{rf/L z}nL, ;DalGwt ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ d"n k|jfxaf6 aflx/ /fvL cfkm"n] lrg]sf kfqx?sf] ;f+s]lts ;xeflutf u/fpg] cEof;, dfkgof]Uo x'g] u/L ;fj{hlgs gLltsf ;'rf+sx? gagfO{g], gLlt sfof{Gjog afWofTds gagfO{ ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] sfof{Gjog u/] klg x'g] gu/] klg x'g] u/L v'nf 5f]l8Psf] k|fawfg, sfg"gL ?kdf hjfkmb]lxtf ls6fgL gubf{ gLtl sfof{Gjog gx'g], ckf/bzL{ lg0f{o k|s[of / lg0f{o k|lt pQ/bfloTj glng ;+:sf/nfO{ ;+:yfut ul/Psf sf/0f klg ;fj{hlgs gLltx?n] ck]Iffs[t kl/0ffd lbg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g .

!=% ;fj{hlgs lgltsf] P]ltxf;Ls lasf; s|dM

;fj{hlgs gLltsf] lasf; P]ltxfl;s ?kdf slxn] b]lv / s;n] uof]{ eGg] hfgsf/L pknAw geP klg ;dfh lasf;sf] s|d;Fu} ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;+s]t ug]{ cjwf/0ff / cEof; /x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 .

;/;/tL x]bf{ dflg;n] 9'+u] o'u kl5 b]lv s]xL lgodx?sf] cEof; u/]sf] kfO{G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu l;sf/ ug]{ ;fd'lxs cEof;af6 ;+sng u/]/ NofPsf] vfgf afF8kmfF8, d"nLn] nfP cx|fPsf] dfGg] cEof; g} clxn]sf] cfw'lgs ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] k'/fgf] cfwf/ xf] . ;dfhn] v]tL ug{ yfn]kl5 kfgLsf] afF8kmfF8 / laafb pTkGg x'Fbf ;dfhsf] d"nLn] ldnfpg] cEof;sf] yfngL eof] .

kl5 cfw'lgs ;dfhdf eg] bfz{lgsx? Kn]6f] -O{;fk"j{ $@&– #$&_ / cl/:6f]6n -O{;fk"j{  #*$–#@@_ n] ;dfhsf] sNof0f / Gofosf] nflu /fHosf] cjwf/0ff / e"ldsfsf] lrGtg ub}{ lgod agfpg], ;'zf;g / ;fdflhs ;b\efjsf] cjwf/0ffÚ cl3 ;f/]kl5 / ;fj{hlgs ;DklQ -Public good_ df ax; rn]kl5 ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] e|'0f klg km:6fpg yfNof] . Tolta]nf bfz{lgsx?n] dfq geO{{ wfld{s g]tf, kfb/L, u'?x?n] ;fdflhs lgod / ;fd'bflos lgodx? cEof;df Nofpg yfn] . ptf kf}/fl0fs /fhf÷zf;sx?n] klg lgod–sfg"g, k|zf;g k|0ffnL, Gofo / sNof0fsf/L sfd, Aofkf/, ;DklQ / ;fdflhs cfr/0fsf cEof; yfn] .

eujfg uf}td a'4 / Pl;ofsf pgsf cg'ofoL zf;sx?n] t sNof0fsf/L gLltx? H:t} c:ktfn agfpg], l;+rfO{{, s'nf] / vfg]kfgL, wf/f, s'jf lgdf{0fsf sfd g} yfn]sf lyP . /f]d ODk]o;{n] klg s/, sfg"g, ;]jf ljt/0f cfbL yfn]/ ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] hu a;fNb} uPsf lyP .

kl5 cfw'lgs ;dfh lasf;sf] s|d;Fu} ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] klg lasf; x'b} uof] . ;g\ !(%) sf] bzs b]lv eg] o'/f]k / cd]l/sfdf ;fj{hlgs gLlt ;DalGw Aojl:yt cWoog cg';Gwfg x'g yfNof] / Tof] d"nt ;/sf/L lg0f{o jf /fhgLlts lg0f{o;Fu s]lGb|t lyof] / ;dfhsf] Aofks ;/f]sf/sf] ;jfndf k|a]z ul/;s]sf] lyPg . kl5 ;g\ !(&) ;Dd cfO{k'Ubf nf;jon l;dg h:tf laåfgx?n] Rational comprehensive model g} agfO{ gLltnfO{ a}1flgs tl/sfn] laZn]if0f ug]{ z'?cft u/]+ . clg pgLx?n] gLlt lgdf{0fsf r/0f / gLlt af/] ;d]t ax; x'g yfNof] . oxL ;dodf ln08Jnf]g eGg] laåfgn] gLltdf Incrementalism sf] cjwf/0ff lasf; u/]+ h;n] gLltsf] ;':t kl/jt{gsf] dfGotfdf hf]8 lbof] . ;g\ !(*) sf] bzsdf cfO{k'Ubf dfr{ / jf]N;]gn] ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ;+:yfut / ;+/rgfut l;4fGtsf] jsfnt u/] h;df gLlt s]jn AolQmsf] dgf]dfgL lg0f{o geO{ ;+:yf, lgod / ;+/rgfn] o;nfO{ lgb]{lzt ub{5÷u/]sf] x'g' k5{ eGg] dfGotfdf hf]8 lbof] .

oxL ;dodf gLlt :yfloTj / ;+:yf lgld{t l;dfx?af/] laleGg cWoog x'g yfn] . ;g\ !(() sf] bzsb]lv eg] ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fdf ax'klIfo kfq / a[xud tyf hl6n b[li6sf]0fx? af/] ax; eof] . of] cjlwdf ;fj{hlgs gLlt /fHosf] eP klg /fHodf a:g] gful/ssf] lxtsf] nflu x'g' kg]{ ePsf]n] o;df ax'kfqx?, ;+hfn / ;+u7gx?, u7aGwgx? ;d]tsf] ;xeflutfdf lgdf{0f ul/g' kg]{ cjwf/0ff / jsfnt a9\g yfn] . u7aGwg / ;+hfnsf] ;fj{hlgs gLltdf k|efj, gLlt lg/Gt/tf / gLlt kl/jt{g h:tf ;jfndf cg';Gwfg / gofF dfGotf cfpg yfn] . cj hg ;xeflutf / ;+nUgtf, kf/blz{tf, k|df0fdf cfwfl/t gLltsf] ckl/xfo{tfsf] jsfnt x'g yfNof] .

PSsfO{;f}+ ztfAbLdf cfO{k'Ubf t gLltnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ / gLltn] Wofg lbg'kg]{ lgtfGt gofF d'2fx? Unf]anfO{h]zg, tYof+s laZn]if0f / cfbfg–k|bfg, zf;lso ;'wf/nfO{ pRr k|fyldstfdf /fVb} clxn] aGg] ;fj{hlgs gLltx? ultlzn, kf/bzL{, nrsbf/, k|df0fdf cfwfl/t / ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] ckgTj / :jfldTj ;lxtsf] x'g' kg]{ dfGotf lasf; eof] .

!=^ ;fj{hlgs gLltsf k|d'v l;4fGtx?M

laleGg laåfgx?n] laleGg tl/sfn] ;fj{hlgs gLltsf l;4fGtx?sf] AofVof u/] klg k|efjsf b[li6sf]0fn] ;a} eGbf ;zQm b]lvPsf lgDg l;4fGtx? al9 k|rlnt b]lvP . lt x'gM

s_ /];gn RjfO{; Yof]/L -Rational Choice Theory_M

of] l;4fGtnfO{ lasf; ug{ oGyf]gL bf]cG; / dfGs'/ jN;gsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf 5 . pgLx?n] of] l;4fGtdf ;fj{hlgs gLlt agfpg] jf k|efj kfg]{ kfqx? ts{;+ut / :jfy{ s]lGb|t rfv cToflws a9fpg] u/L sfd ub{5g\ eg]sf 5g\ (Downs, 1957; Olson, 1965) . gLltsf kl/0ffdx?sf] dfkg nfut nfesf] cfwf/df x]l/g' kg]{ / dflg; ts{;+ut x'g] x'Fbf ;f]xL cg'?k gLlt lgdf{0f ub{5g\ eGg] dfGotf /fV5 . o;sf] d"n dd{ g} Go'gtd nfutaf6 clwstd nfe xf] . of] l;4fGt ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf ;a} r/0fx? -;d:of klxrfg, ;d:ofsf] auL{s/0f / k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f, gLltsf] k|f/lDes d:of}bf t}of/L, d:of}bfdf ;fj{hlgs ax;, k|f/lDes d:of}bf kl/dfh{g, kl/dflh{t d:of}bfsf] la1 ;ldIff / kl/dfh{g, ;+zf]lwt d:of}bfsf] ;fj{hlgs ;ldIff, kl/dfh{g / gLltsf] clGtd d:of}bf t}of/L, ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 gLlt l:js[t, gLlt sfof{Gjog, sfof{Gjogsf] d"Nof+sg, gLlt kl/dfh{g jf vf/]hLsf] lg0f{o_ df ;+nUg AolQmx?sf] AolQmut jf ;f+u7lgs ?rL / /0fgLltx?åf/f k|efljt ePsf x'G5g\ . of] l;4fGtn] lsg s]xL zlQmzfnL AolQmx?nfO{ al9 nfe k'¥ofpF5 / lsg ;dfhsf sdhf]/ au{nfO{ sd nfe lbG5 egL a'‰g d2t k'¥ofpF5 . of] l;4fGtsf] 7"nf] cfnf]rgf rfFxL o;n] dfgjLo efjgf, dgf]la1fg, ;fdflhs, wfld{s / ;f+:s[lts kIfnfO{ a'‰g ;Sb}g cyf{t a]jf:tf ub{5 eGg] 5 .

v_ ;+:yfut l;4fGt –Institutional Theory_M

of] l;4fGtsf] d'Vo k|aw{sx?df h]D; dfr{ / hf]xg cf]N;]gx? x'g . of] l;4fGtdf AolQmnfO{ k|wfg dflgb}g a? ;+:yf h:t} sfg"g, lgod, k/Dk/f, k|s[of, ;f+:s[lts dfGotfx? ;f+u7lgs ;+/rgfx?n] al9 k|efj kf/]sf] x'G5 . of] l;4fGtn] gLlt l:y/tf, kfy l8k]G8]G;L (Path dependency) cyf{t lautsf 5gf]6, ultlawL / ;+hfnx?n] eljiosf] af6f] :jtGq ?kdf a9fpg sl7gfO{ x'g]df jsfnt ub{5 March  & Olsen, 1984) . of] l;4fGtsf] sdhf]/L s] 5 eg] o;n] AolQmsf] Ifdtf, rft'o{tf, nrstf, zlQm ;+3if{ / kl/jt{gsf] ultlzntfnfO{ sd cfS5 jf jf:tf ub}{g .

u_ OGs[d]06flnhd Yof]/L -Incrementalism Theory):

of] cjwf/0ff rfN;{ Pn= l;= / dfnf]g] hZtf laåfgx? ;d]tn] k|aw{g u/]sf x'g (Charles and Malone 1995) . of] l;4fGtdf ;fj{hlgs gLlt kl/jt{g ubf{ ;fgf] ;fgf] ;'wf/x? dfkm{t ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 / of] la:tf/} / ;fgf] ;'wf/ dfkm{t ;du| gLlt kl/jt{g ub}{ hfg' kg]{ dfGotf /fVb5 . of] l;4fGtn] cNdlnb}+ cl3 a9\g] -muddling through_ (Lindblom, 1959) dfGotf /fVg'sf] d"n sf/0f rfFxL gLlt lgdf{tfx?;Fu ;Dk"0f{ ;'rgf, 1fg / l;k gx'g ;S5 To;}n] la:tf/} l;Sb} kl/dfh{g ub}{ hfg] dfGotfnfO{ k|aw{g ub{5 .

3_ k+Sr'o6]8 OSjflnla|od Yof]/L (Punchutuated Equilibrium Theory)M

of] l;4fGtn] s] dfGotf /fV5 eg] ;fj{hlgs gLltx? ;+:yf, lgod, k|s[of ;d]t hf]l8Psf] x'Fbf ;fdfGotof nfdf] ;do l:y/ -OSjflnla|lhod_ /xG5 . slxn] sfFxL crfgs, lta| / eo+s/ kl/jt{g x'G5g\ / o:tf kl/jt{gn] ubf{ gLlt k|0ffnLdf crfgs gofF larf/ k|a]z u/]kl5 em6\sf dx;'; x'G5 / gLltdf a[xt kl/jt{g cfpF5  (Baumgartner & Jones, 1993). kl/0ffd t k|:tfj÷Ph]08f to ug]{, s]lGb|t Wofg kl/jt{g ug]{ jf k|0ffnLut k|lt/f]w dfkm{t gLltdf kl/jt{g cfpg] t/ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf l:y/ /xg] dfGotf /fV5 .

8=_ P8\ef]s];L sf]oln;g k|m]djs{ Yof]/L -Advocacy coalition framework theory_M

o;nfO{ jsfnt u7aGwgsf] 9fFrfsf] l;4fGt elgG5 h;df ;fj{hlgs gLlt cfjZostfaf]w jf kl/jt{g lb3{sfnLg laZjf; k|0ffnL ;femf ePsf ;+hfn÷u7aGwgsf ;b:ox? larsf] k|lt:kwf{ / ;xsfo{af6 x'G5 . of] l;4fGtdf dg ldNg], p2]Zo ldNg] laleGg kfqx? Ps} 7fpFdf cfO{ u7aGwg agfO{{ bjfj lbO{ gLlt k|efj kfg{ cEof; ub{5g\ (Sabatier & Jenkins-Smith, 1993). of] l;4fGt cg';f/ gLlt kl/jt{g @ k|sf/af6 x'G5 . klxnf] aflx/L em6\sf h:t} /fhgLlts kl/jt{g, cfly{s ;+s6, k|fs[lts k|sf]k / dxfdf/L / bf]>f] gLlt s]lGb|t l;sfO{{af6 gLlt kl/jt{g x'G5 . of] l;4fGtsf] k|a4{gdf kfpn ;fjfl6o/ / XofGs h]lGsg l:dysf] dxTjk"0f{ e'ldsf 5 . k|df0fdf cfwfl/t gLlt th'{df clxn]sf] ;a}eGbf k|rlnt gLlt lgdf{0f lalw xf] . o;sf] nflu lgDg dfGotfx? ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . lt x'gM

s_ tfls{s, alnof], Aofks cyf{t k"0f{ k|s[ltsf] k|Zg p7\g] 7fpF gx'g] u/L k|df0fn] k'i6\ofO{ u/]sf] .

v_ cf}lrTok"0f{ / hgrfxgf / ;d'bfosf] cfjZostf s]lGb|t ePsf] .

u_ e/kbf]{ k|df0fx? laZjf; of]Uo tYof+s / ;'rgfx?n] k'i6\ofO{ u/]sf] .

3_ a:t'lgi7 cfwf/x?sf] pkof]u ug]{ .

ª_ kf/blz{tfsf] dfGotfdf cfwfl/t k|df0f, tYo / tYof+ssf] kf/bzL{ k|of]u tyf laifo / k|s[ofsf] kf/blz{tf z'lglZrt ug]{ .

r_ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] :jfldTj / ckgTj a[l4 ug{ pgLx?sf] egfO{, cfjfh, ;/f]sf/sf] gLltdf kof{Kt :yfg lbg] .

!=& ;fj{hlgs gLltsf >f]tx?M

;fj{hlgs gLltsf laleGg >f]tx? x'G5g\ . lt dWo k|d'v s]xL >f]tx? lgDg cg';f/ 5g\M

s_ b]zsf] ;+lawfg / o;sf laleGg wf/f, pkwf/f / cg';"rLx? .

v_ ;+;baf6 kfl/t k|:tfj, 3f]if0ff / ;fj{hlgs ;/f]sf/sf ;jfndf ;+;bn] ;/sf/nfO{ lbg] lgb]{zgx? .

u_ /fi6« k|d'v / ;/sf/ k|d'vn] /fli6«o, cGt/f{li6«o cf}krfl/s d~raf6 ;fj{hlgs u/]sf k|lta4tf tyf p7fPsf d'2fx? .

3_ cfd gful/sn] ;fd'lxs kmfO{bf÷sNof0fsf nflu p7fPsf ;jfn / /fv]sf dfux? .

ª_ cGt/f{li6«o ;GwL, dxf;GwL, ;Demf}tfdf b]zn] x:tfIf/ u/]kl5 >[hgf x'g] bfloTjx? .

r_ laleGg cg';Gwfg, cWoog / ;fd'lxs 5nkmnaf6 b]z / hgtfsf] lxtsf] -jf clxnsf]_ kIfdf lgsflnPsf lgrf]8x? .

5_ c? lalaw >f]tx? .

!=* ;fj{hlgs gLltsf k|sf/x?M

;fj{hlgs gLlt /fHon] s'g s'g p2]Zo jf k|fof]hgsf] nflu lgdf{0f ub{5 cyf{t ;fj{hlgs gLltx? s'g s'g k|sf/sf x'G5g\ elg tn lbO{Psf] 5 .

!_ lgodg ug]{ -/]u'n]6_ k|of]hgsf ;fj{hlgs gLlt .

@_ lasf; ug]{ -8]eNkd]G6_ k|of]hgsf ;fj{hlgs gLlt .

#_ ?kfGt/0f ug]{ -6«fG;kmd{_ k|of]hgsf ;fj{hlgs gLlt .

$_ k|bfg ug]{ -8]lne/_ k|of]hgsf ;fj{hlgs gLlt .

%_ ;+/If0f ug]{ -k|f]6]S6_ k|of]hgsf ;fj{hlgs gLlt .

^_ ;xhLs/0f -ˆofl;lno6_ k|of]hgsf ;fj{hlgs gLlt .

&_ k'g{lat/0f ug]{ -l/l8l:6«Ao';g_ k|of]hgsf ;fj{hlgs gLlt .

*_ c? y'k|} k|of]hgsf] nflu ;fj{hlgs gLlt agfO{Psf x'G5g\ .

/fHon] cfˆgf] l;ldt >f]t Gofok"0f{, hjfkmb]xL, k|efjsf/L / cfjZostfdf cfwfl/t eP/ lalgof]hg ug'{ kg]{ ePsf]n] o;sf] nflu vf; vf; k|s[ltsf gLlt agfpF5 (Simon, 2013; 1955; Wildavsky, 1973; Lindblom, 1959, 1979;  March and Olsen, 1984; Peters 2015, 2020).

!=( gLlt lgdf{0fdf 1fgsf] e"ldsfM

x/]s gLltn] cNksflng / bL3{sflng ?kdf gful/ssf b}lgsL / /fHosf 3f]lift p2]Zox¿df k|efj kfg]{ ePsf] x'Fbf gLlt lgdf{0fsf] nflu ;dli6s[t 1fgsf] e"ldsf clt dxTjk"0f{ /x]sf] x'G5 . gLlt cg';Gwfg k|of]hgsf] nflu ;dli6s[t 1fg eGgfn] slDtdf # j6f 1fg ;d"x÷>f]tx¿af6 cfPsf] ljZn]lift / ;+Zn]lift 1fg xf] . 1fgsf oL # j6f >f]tx¿ lgDg cg';f/ 5g\M

s_ k|l1s 1fg h'g d'VotM lg/Gt/ cWoog cg';Gwfg / ;}4flGts >f]taf6 cfpF5 .

v_ ;fdflhs 1fg h'g d'VotM ;dfhdf cg'ejsf] cfwf/df ljsf; ePsf] x'G5 / o;sf] k|j4{sx?df ;fdflhs ;+3 ;+:yf, ;/f]sf/jfnf ;d"x–;~hfn, kqsf/ / ;~rf/ dfWod, /fhgLlts kf6L{x¿ / pLgx¿sf eft[ ;Ë7gx¿, ljsf; ;fe]mbf/x¿ cflb kb{5g\ .

u_ k|zf;sLo -Jo'/f]qm]l6s_ 1fg h'g d"ntM gLlt lgdf{0f / o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf a;]sf sd{rf/Lx?sf] ef]ufO{ / cg'ejaf6 cfpF5 . k|zf;sLo 1fg sd{rf/Lx?n] k|of]u u/]sf sfg'gL k|fjwfg, cEof; / ef]ufO{af6 l;lh{t x'g] ePsf] x'Fbf of] 1fg gLlt lgdf{0fdf cfjZos kb{5 .

oL # j6f 1fgsf] ;+Zn]if0faf6 cfpg] ;dli6s[t 1fgaf6 dfq k|efjsf/L gLlt aGb5 / sfof{Gjog klg ;kmn x'G5 . To;sf/0f, gLlt lgdf{0fdf dflysf dWo s'g} Ps 1fgsf] ljwfnfO{ dfq k|fyldstf lbP/ dfq} k'Ub}g . tLgj6f 1fgs} ;+t'ngaf6 dfq sfof{Gjog of]Uo, k|efjsf/L / glthfd'vL gLltx¿ aGg ;Sb5 .

Vf08 b'O{M g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs gLltM

@=! g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] cj:yfM

ha g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] cj:yf, k|efjsfl/tf / cf}lrTosf] ax; x'G5 Tolta]nf s]lx dxTjk"0f{ egfO{ cuf8L cfpF5 . lt x'gM

s_ gLlt 5g\ sfof{Gjog /fd|f] 5}g,

v_ gLlt /fd|f 5g\ t/ sfof{Gjog x'b}gg\

u_ gLltsf] bnut jf :jfy{ s]lGb|t /fhgLlts/0f ePsf] 5 /

t/ jf:tjdf sfof{Gjog gx'g] gLltnfO{ s'g}klg sf/0f /fd|f] eGg ;lsb}g . csf]{ s'/f ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] cj:yfnfO{{ ToxfFsf] ;du| /fhgLlt, cy{ Aoj:yf, sd{rf/Lsf] dgf]la1fg / sdhf]/ gLlt Ifdtfn] k|ToIf k|efj kf/]sf] 5 .

of] cj:yf g]kfnsf] dfq geO{ d"nt blIf0f Pl;ofnL b]zx? g]kfn, ef/t, a+unfb]z, kfls:tfg, ckmuflg:tfg / >Ln+sf -e'6fg / dflNbE; ckjfb_ tyf c? clk|msL b]zx?sf] klg xf] . /fhgLlts cl:y/tf, sd{rf/LtGqsf] a]jf:tf÷c;Ifdtf, pknAw ;fwg >f]tsf] unt lalgof]hg, ;+:yfut Ifdtfsf] sld, ;'zf;gsf] cefj / ;+;bsf] a]jf:tfn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ ulx/f];Fu ufFh]sf] d}n] tLg aif{ gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgsf] sfo{sf/L cWoIf x'bf k|tIf cg'ej u/]+ .

@=@ df}h'bf gLltx?sf] k|efjsfl/tfsf] cj:yf

g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] cj:yf cToGt sdhf]/ ePsf] / o;nfO{ ;'wfg'{ kg]{ cfjZostf 7fgL @)&% df ;/sf/n] gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg u7g u/]sf] /x]5 . of] ;+:yfdf g]kfn ;/sf/n] dnfO{ @)&^ ;fn kmfNu'0f @) ut] sfo{sf/L cWoIf kbdf lgo'lQm u/]kl5 dfq d}n] k|lti7fgsf] lhDd]jf/L cToGt a[xt ePsf] dx;'; u/] lsgsL o;sf] sfo{If]qdfM

!_ g]kfnsf df}h'bf gLltsf] k|efjsfl/tf cWoog u/L g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ l;kmfl/; ug]{, @_ g]kfnn] agfpg' kg]{ gLltx? af/]df cWoog u/L ;/sf/nfO{{ ;'emfa k]z ug]{ /

#_ dGqfnox?nfO{ gLlt ;DalGw ;jfndf ;xof]u ug]{ .

 

oqf] 7"nf] lhDd]jf/L ePsf] ;+:yfsf] g]t[Tjdf ;/sf/n] dnfO{ laZjf; u/]/ k7fPkl5 d}n] d]/f] a'l4L / laa]sn] EofP;Dd /fd|f] sfd u5{— eGg] c7f]6sf;fy klxnf] sfof{b]z cyf{t df}h'bf gLltx?sf] k|efjsfl/tf cWoog ug{ cfˆg} g]t[Tjdf #–$ hgfsf] 6f]nL agfO{ b]zsf k|d'v #^ j6f gLltx?sf] ;'Id cWoog yfn] . nueu !* dlxgfsf] cWoogsf] d'Vo d'Vo lgrf]8x? lgDg cg';f/ lyoM

@=@=! ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] sdhf]/ a'emfO{M

;fj{hlgs gLltsf] a'emfO{ /fhgLlts lg0f{o ug]{ txdf, k|zf;lgs lg0f{o ug]{ txdf, ;+;bdf / cfd dflg;df cToGt sdhf]/ jf vl08t jf cf+lzs jf c:ki6 ePsf] kfO{of] . /fHosf # k|d'v zf;lso c+ux? sfo{kflnsf, Aoj:yflksf, Gofokflnsf / ;+rf/ hutn] ;Dd ;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{{ ulx/fO{ uP/ ga'lemlb+bf of] cnkq k/]sf] /x]5 . ;+;bsf] k|d'v # sfd -P]g agfpg], gLlt th'{df ug]{ / ;/sf/nfO{ va/bf/L ug]{_ dWo gLltsf] ;jfnnfO{{ ;+;bn] cfTd;ft g} gu/]sf] /x]5 .

@=@=@ pQ/bfloTjsf] sld

g]kfn ;/sf/n] gLlt th{'df ubf{ lhDd]jf/ AolQmsf] e"ldsf ls6fg gug]{ / pQ/bfloTj gtf]Sg] /x]5 . of] gLlt th{'df s]jn cf}krfl/s dfq x'g], k|df0fdf cfwfl/t gx'g] cyf{t kof{Kt u[xsfo{ u/L k|df0fx? ;+sng u/]/ To;sf] ;+Zn]if0faf6 cfPsf] lgrf]8 gLlt th'{dfdf ;dfa]z ug]{ cEof; x'bf] /x]g5 . kl/0ffdt ;fj{hlgs gLltx? lg:k|efjL x'g] /x]5g . o:tf] cj:yf w]/} b]lvof] . dGqfnosf] gLlt dxfzfvf jf of]hgf dfxfzfvf pQm dGqfnosf] gLlt ;DalGw lhDd]jf/ O{sfO{ eP klg c;DalGwt dfG5]nfO{ gLlt th'{dfsf] lhDdf lbg], sfd ubf{ ub}{ ;?jf ul/lbg], laifo / lalwsf] 1fg gePsf] AolQmnfO{ o;sf] lhDdf lbg] h:tf sf/0fn] ;fj{hlgs gLlt k|efjsf/L x'g ;s]sf] b]lvPg . d gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg uPkl5 ;a} dGqfnosf gLlt x]g]{ zfvf÷dxfzfvf k|d'vx?sf] #–# dlxgfdf k|lti7fgdf ;fd'lxs a}7s /fvL cf–cfˆgf dGqfnosf gLltut ;jfndf ;fd'lxs ax;af6 ;femf wf/0ff agfO{{ ;fd'lxs tl/sfn] ;Daf]wg ug]{ k|lta4tf ug]{ cEof; yfn]sf] lyP . t/ klxnf] a}7sdf cfPsf k|d'v csf]{ a}7s x'g' eGbf cuf8L g} ;?jf x'g] / gofF cfpg] cToflws ePsf] kfPsf] lyP .

lawfut bIftf xfl;n u/]sf, pbfx/0fsf nflu ;fj{hlgs gLlt d} pRr lzIff xfl;n u/]sf jf tflnd lnPsf, of]Uo AolQmx?nfO{{ gLlt ;DalGw lhDd]jf/L lbg'kg]{ 7fpFdf lawfut c;DalGwt sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ lhDd]jf/L lbbf b]z / la1 AolQm b'a}nfO{{ gf]S;fg x'g] cj:yf >[hgf ePsf] kfO{of] . g]kfn ;/sf/sf bh{gf} sd{rf/Ln] gLltd} pRr lzIff÷tflnd lnPsf ePklg cfkm"n] cWoog jf tflnd u/]sf] AoStL oxL If]qdf sfd ug]{ eg] clt yf]/} dfq lyP . o:tf] cj:yf cfpg' eg]sf] lg0f{ostf{sf] gLlt k|ltsf] u}x|lhDdjf/Lkgf jf a]jf:tf g} xf] .

@=@=# gLlt th'{df k|s[ofsf] a]jf:tfM

g]kfnsf gLltx? c;kmn x'g'sf] csf]{ k|d'v sf/0f eg]sf] gLlt th'{dfsf cGt/f{li6«o :t/df :yflkt lalwx?sf] kfngf gug'{ xf] . ;fj{hfgLs gLlt lgdf{0f ubf{ sDtLdfklg ;d:of klxrfg, ;d:ofsf] auL{s/0f / k|fyldstf lgwf{/0f, gLltsf] k|f/lDes d:of}bf t}of/L, d:of}bfdf ;fj{hlgs ax;, k|f/lDes d:of}bf kl/dfh{g, kl/dflh{t d:of}bfsf] la1 ;ldIff / kl/dfh{g, ;+zf]lwt d:of}bfsf] ;fj{hlgs ;ldIff, kl/dfh{g / gLltsf] clGtd d:of}bf t}of/L, ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 gLlt l:js[t, gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] d"Nof+sg, gLlt kl/dfh{g jf vf/]hLsf] lg0f{osf k|fjwfgx? sfof{Gjog ePs} x'g' kb{5 -gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg @)&(v_.

 ;fj{hlgs gLlt k|efjsf/L agfpg] xf] eg] lrq !df pNn]lvt gLlt th'{dfsf k|s[ofut v'8\lsnf kf/ u/]sf] / gllt b:tfjhdf lrq @ df pNn]lvt vfsf cg';f/ ePs} x'g' kb{5 . k|s[of ;lx x'bf ;lx kl/0ffd cfpg] ;Defjgf clws x'G5 eg] unt, cw'/f] / ;txL k|s[ofaf6 ;lx kl/0ffd cfpg Hofb} sl7g x'G5 / sltko laifodf t ;Dej g} x'Gg .

@=@=$ hjfkmb]xLtfsf] cefjM

g]kfndf sfg"g sfof{Gjog ul/Pg eg] ;/sf/L sd{rf/L lhDd]jf/L x'g'kg]{ k|fawfg 5 t/ gLlt sfof{Gjog gubf{ s;}n] hjfkmb]xLtf lng' gkg]{ /x]5, o:sf] d'Nof+sg u/L b08;hfo lbg] k|fawfg /x]g5 . To;}n] of] gLlt nfu' u/] klg x'g], gu/] klg s]xL gx'g], ubf{ laleGg emGem6 cfpg ;Sg] t/ gLlt sfof{Gjog gubf{ s'g} emGem6 Aoxf]g'{ gkg]{ ePkl5 ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] lsg gLlt sfof{Gjog u5{ < g]kfndf gLlt c;kmn x'gfsf] d"n sf/0f dWo of] klg k|d'v sf/0f xf] .

h;/L sfg"g sfof{Gjog gubf{ ;DalGwt sd{rf/L hjfkmb]xL x'g'k5{ To;/L g} gLlt sfof{Gjog gubf{ klg ;lra / ;DalGwt AolQmnfO{ sfo{afxLsf] sfg"gL k|fawfg /fVg] xf] eg] ;fj{hlgs gLltx? k|efjsf/L x'g] lyP . d}n] of] ;jfn ;+;bdf, ;/sf/df, ;fj{hlgs ?kdf p7fpFbf s]xL ;lrax?n] d k|lt Hofb} k"jf{u|fxL Aoaxf/ b]vfPsf lyP . d]/f] egfO{ s'g} AolQm k|lt nlIft lyPg, of] t k|0ffnL ;'wf/ k|ltsf] ;/f]sf/ lyof] . t/ s]xL cfkm"n] g} b]z rnfPsf] h:tf] lrGtg ug]{ ;lrax?sf] ;fF7ufF7af6 d]/f] kfnfdf t}of/ u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf] laifo a:t', lalw / k|s[of dfu{bz{g dGqLkl/ifb\af6 kf; x'g} lbPgg\ . d'Vo ;lranfO{ af/Daf/ dGqLkl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf k]z ug{ cg'/f]w ubf{ pgn] Tof] kb}{g d cfkm} ;a} dGqfnox?nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug{ k7fO{lbG5' eg]/ Pp6f kq ;lxt ;a} dGqfnox?nfO{ k7fO{ t lbP t/ Tof] kqnfO{ s;}n] jf:t} u/]gg\ . sf/0f rflx dGqLkl/ifb\n] lg0f{o gu/L l;w} k7fPsf]n] of] kqnfO{ dGqfnox?n] j]jf:tf u/]sf /x]5g\ . olb Tof] sfo{lawL dGqLkl/ifb\n] lg0f{o s8fO{sf ;fy sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] eP ;fj{hlgs gLltdf b]lvPsf a]lytLsf] /fd|/L ;Daf]wg x'g] lyof] .

@=@=% cGt/gLlt / cGt/dGqfno ;dGjosf] cefjM

7"nf k|s[ltsf gLltx? -s[lif, lzIff, :jf:Yo, hn>f]t, ;'/Iff, k//fi6«, ;ldf, cfbL_ Pp6f dGqfnosf] k|zf;lgs g]t[Tjdf agfO{{P klg lo gLltx? c? w]/} dGqfnox?;Fu hf]l8G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf] nflu s[lif lasf; ug{ agfO{Psf] s[lif gLltn] !! j6f hlt dGqfno, @@ j6f hlt sfg"g / Tolt g} c? gLltx? ;d]t cfslif{t ug]{ /x]5, h'g s[lif dGqfnosf] dftxt t 5}gg\ . To;}n] Pp6f dGqfnon] agfPsf] gLlt csf]{ dGqfnon] sfof{Gjog ug'{ kg]{ cj:yfdf lo dGqfnox? lar sfo{ut ;xsfo{ gx'Fbf s[lif gLlt ck]lIft k|efjsf?L ePg\ .

g]kfnsf dGqfnox? lar ;dGjo cToGt sdhf]/ /x]5 . cf–cfˆg} 9/f{df rn]sf, Pp6fsf] sfdnfO{ csf]{n] ;xhLs/0f ul/lbg] eGbf av]8f lemSg], sfd c8\sfO{ lbg] rng cToflws x'g] /x]5 . lasf;sf kl/of]hgfdf s]xL ?v sf6\g' kg]{ cj:yfdf t b]zsf] c/af}sf] kl/of]hgf l9nf eO{ s/f]8f} s/f]8 3f6f nfUbf klg jg dGqfnon] cj/f]w ug{ 5f]8\bf /x]g5 . cem lghu9 kmf:6 6«ofsdf jg dGqfnon] u/]sf] l9nfO{sf] af/]df t g]kfnL ;]gfsf k|wfg;]gfkltn] ;+;bLo ;ldlt d} ulx/f] c;Gt'li6 hgfO{ of] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ eGg' ePsf] lyof] . t/ jg dGqfnosf] Tof] /a}of sd ug{ jg ;DalGw sfg"g kl/dfh{g ug]{ lxDdt ;bgn] klg u/]g . oxL sf/0f b]zn] c/af} gf]S;fgL Aoxf]g'{ kof]{ . o:tf 36gf t slt slt . ;8ssf] lar af6f]df ?v /fvL jl/k/L lkr u/]sf], dfem ;8sdf lah'nLsf kf]n /fv]sf] xfdLn] htftt} b]v]sf 5f} .

k|wfgdGqLn] cWoIftf ug]{ Pp6f /fli6«o lasf; ;d:of ;dfwfg ;ldlt eGg] /x]5 / o:df ;a} dGqLx?, ;lrax?, of]hgf cfof]usf ;b:ox? nufot ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnfx? x'g] /x]5g\ / $–$ dlxgfdf a}7s klg a:bf] /x]5 . t/ of] a}7sn] ;dZof ;dfwfg ug]{ eGbfklg vfhf vfP/, gd:sf/ cfbfg k|bfg u/]/ cf}krfl/stfdf ;lsg] ePs}sf/0f o:n] s'g} 7"nf ;d:of ;dfwfg gu/L ;lsg] u/]sf] /x]5 . olb of] pRr:tl/o ;+/rgfn] sfd uYof}{ eg] clxn];Dd o:tf ldl6Ë %#–%$ j6f x'Fbf klg jg P]g km]g{ ;d]t lsg g;s]sf] <

To;}n] o:tf ;d:ofsf] h/fd} uP/ ;dfwfg ug{] eg]sf] gLlt agfpFbf÷P]g agfpFbf g} xf] hlta]nf kof{Kt cg';Gwfg u/L df}h'bf P]g, gLltx?dWo s'g s'g P]g / gLltn] gofF P]g jf gLlt sfof{Gjogdf cj/f]w ub{5g\, s'g s'g gLltx? afFlemPsf 5g\, s'g s'g gLlt / P]g ;xof]uL 5g\ To;sf] lain]if0f ul/ u/L afFlemPsf eP ltgLx?sf] ;Daf]wg ug]{ u/L gLlt jf P]g th{'df ubf{ kl5 sfof{Gjogdf o:tf] ;d:of cfpg] lyPg . o;df ;+;bsf] klg ;+/rgfut sdhf]/L 5 lsgsL sfg"gsf] d:of}bf ;DalGwt dGqfnoaf6 u/]/ ;bgdf k]z ug]{ clg To;}nfO{ ;+;bn] clncln yk36 ul/ kf; ug]{ . slDtdf klg ;/sf/n] k]; u/]sf] sfg"g c? sfg"g / gLltx?;+u aflemPsf] 5 jf 5}g t]:sf] z'lglZrttf u/]/dfq P]g kf; ug]{ u/]sf] eP s]lx ?v sf6g g]kfnL ;]gfsf k|wfg;]gfkltn] ;+;bLo ;ldlt d} xf/u'xf/ ug{' kg]{ lyPg .

@=@=^ sfg"g / gLltsf] cGt;{DaGw ga'‰g'M

gLltsf] ;j{dfGo dfGotf eg]sf] To;leq k|i6 p2]Zo, nIo, sfo{of]hgf ;lxtsf] dfu{lrq xf] h;sf] sfof{Gjogsf] nflu sfg"g, cfly{s >f]t, hgzlQm, ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / pks/0fx? cfjZos kb{5 . o;sf/0f sfg"g gLltsf] ckl/xfo{ c+u xf] / of] l5§} agfpg], k|of]u ug]{ laifo xf]O{g . ;/n tl/sfn] pbxf/0fsf] /kdfeGbf gLlt xftsf] xTs]nf xf] eg] sfg"g, cfly{s >f]t, hgzlQm, ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / pks/0f xftsf kfFrj6f cf}nf x'g\ . To;}n] xft k"0f{ x'g lo % j6f efu eP/ dfq x'G5 . t/ g]kfndf t gLlt / sfg"g 5'§f5'§} lalw / k|s[ofaf6 agfpg] x'Fbf Pp6fn] csf]{nfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;'lglZrttf g} x'b}g . of] ;jfndf ;/sf/ / ;+;bsf] sfo{ut ;xsfo{ cfjZos 5 . clg ;+;bn] sfg"g agfpFbf s'g gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ Tof] sfg"g rflxPsf] xf] / of] sfg"g c? df}h'bf sfg"g;Fu gafFlemPsf] ;'lglZrttf u/]/ dfq sfg"g agfpg' kg]{ xf] . clxn]sf] of] lg:k|efjL k|aGwdf kl/jt{g ug]{ xf] eg] dGqfnon] vf; gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ sfg"g rflxPsf] af/]df cfjZostf klxrfg k|lta]bg ;lxt ;+;bdf hfg], ;+;bdf sfg"g d:of}bfsf 1ftf, la1 cg';Gwfgstf{ 6f]nL ;lxtsf] ;+oGqn] dGqfnosf] Tof] cfjZostf cg'?ksf] sfg"g / gLltsf] d:of}bf sfg"g÷gLlt th'{df k|s[ofsf] dfGotf / cEof; cg'?k k|f/lDes d:of}bf agfO{{ ;DalGwt ;ldltdf k]z ug]{ Tof] ;ldltsf] ax;df dGqfnosf k|ltlgwL ;lxt Aofks ax; u/L k|f/lDes d:of}bf tof/ ug]{ Tof] dGqfnodf k[i7kf]if0fsf nflu k7fO{ pgLx?sf] plrt ;'emfj ;dfa]z u/L kl/dflh{t d:of}bf ;bgdf k]z u/L kf; ug]{ xf] eg] gLlt sfof{Gjogdf clxn] ef]u]sf cToflws ;d:of ;dfwfg x'G5g\ . gLlt / P]g klg k|efjsf/L ?kdf / Ps csf{sf] k'/ssf] ?kdf sfof{Gjogdf hfG5g\ . t/ laut b]lv rn]sf] cEof; elg ;/sf/ / ;+;b of] lg:k|efla cEof; km]g{ t}of/ 5}gg\ -gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg @)&(s_.

@=@=& ah]6, hgzlQm / sfof{Gjog ;+/rgfsf] k|If]k0f lagfsf] gLlt lgdf{0fM

clxn] klg g]kfn ;/sf/sf gLltx?sf] ;ldIff ug]{ xf] eg] clwsf+zdf ah]6sf] cg'dflgt k|If]k0f, cfjZos hgzlQmsf] cf+sn / pgLx?n] s;/L kl/rfng -xfn pknAw, yk, afXo >f]t, cfbL_ / s'g ;+:yfut ;+/rgf sfof{Gjog cg'udg / ;dGjosf] nflu lhDd]jf/ xf] eGg] g5'6\ofO{ Tolts} 5f]l8Psf 5g\ . o;f] ubf{ lgs6 eljiodf gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ >f]tsf] cefj, hgzlQm cefj b]lvg yfN5 / gLlt sfof{Gjogdf hfb}g . of] clxn]sf] gLltsf] 7"nf] sdhf]/L xf] . eljiodf gLlt agfpFbf ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf] laifoa:t', lalw / k|s[of dfu{bz{g / gLlt ;+/rgf vfsfnfO{ cg'z/0f u/L agfO{of] eg] of] ;d:of cfpFb}g .

@=@=* sd{rf/Laf6 a]jf:tf

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs gLlt k|efjsf/L gx'g'sf] csf]{ vt/gfs sf/0f rfFxL u'6–pku'6df afFl8Psf, leGg leGg bnsf sd{rf/L ;+u7gx? / pgLx? larsf] dgd'6fj, :jfy{ s]lGb|t cb[Zo u7aGwgsf sf/0f gLlt th'{df / sfof{Gjogdf pgLx?sf] vf;} rf;f] gx'g] /x]5 . kl/0ffd t ;/sf/L sd{rf/Ln] ;fj{hlgs gLlt sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg cfgfsfgL ug]{, c;xof]u ug]{ sfo{ sfof{Gjog gug]{ u/]sf] b]lvof] . g]kfnsf] zf;lso w/ftnsf] Pp6f laz]iftf s] xf] eg] 7"nf /fhgLlts kl/jt{g kl5 k|fo; sd{rf/L km]l/G5g\ t/ g]kfndf @))&, @)!!, @)!%, @)$*, @)^# sf kl/jt{g kl5 klg sd{rf/Ldf s'g} kl/jt{g ul/Pg . kl/0ffd t pklga]zafbL a]nfotL ;fd|fHon] ef/tdf cfˆgf] zf;g sfod /fVg t}of/ u/]sf] sd{rf/L k|0ffnL g} g]kfndf NofOPsf] lyof] . of] sd{rf/LtGqdf dflylt/ hjfkmb]xL / tnlt/ bjfpg] jf a]jf:tf ug]{ ulx/f] cEof; cEof; 5 . clxn] g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g k|efjsf/L gx'g'sf] k5f8L @)$& kl5 lasf; / la:tf/ x'b} uPsf] g]tf÷dGqL–sd{rf/L–larf}lnof g]S;; / cfˆgf] :jfy{ cg's'n ug]{ ubf{ g]kfndf s'zf;g, t:s/L ;+:yfut x'b} uPsf] xf] / clxn]s} cj:yf sfod} /xg] 5 . To;}n] oxL b]zdf ;'zf;g :yfkgf ug]{ xf] eg] cy{, /Iff, k//fi6«, l;df, u[x h:tf ;dj]bglzn If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;fgf] ;+/rgf dfq ;+3df /flv, /fHon] gful/snfO{{ lbg] ;]jf ;a} laB'lto dfWodaf6 ug]{ ;]jf ;DalGw sfd :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{{ lbO{ pgLx?sf] Ifdtf lasf; u/L afFsL ;a} sfd gLlh If]qsf sDkgL dfkm{t sfd u/fpg] . clxn]sf] sd{rf/L ;+/rgf kl/jt{g gu/L b]zdf ;'zf;g ;Dej g} 5}g .

@=@=( /fhgLlts x:tIf]kM

;fj{hlgs gLlt ;+;bsf] sfo{If]q ePklg g]kfndf ;/sf/sf dGqfnox?n] gLlt agfpg] cEof; ;+:yfut ePsf]n] o;sf] /fhgLlts/0f / /fhgLlts x:tIf]k rfFxL ;/sf/ agfpg] bnsf] dGqLsf] dfWodaf6 g} xf] . bnLo :jfy{ k"/f gx'g] gLltdf dGqLn] jf:t} gug]{, bnLo jf AolQmut :jfy{ k"/f x'g] gLltdf dGqL, k|wfgdGqLn] x:tIf]k u/L gLlt th'{df u/fpg] cEof;sf] sf/0f g]kfnsf ;fj{hlgs gLlt c;kmn ePsf x'g .

@=@=!) bnfnx?sf] k|efjM

g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs ;jfn -lasf;–lgdf{0f, Aofkf/, ko{6g, hn>f]t, afl0fHo, s[lif nufot ;a} If]qx?df_ df larf}lnofsf] k|efj hAa/ /x]5 . sfg"g lgdf{0f, gLlt lgdf{0f, 7]Ssf k§f, 7"nf ;]jf vl/b -h:t} kf;kf]6{ 5kfO{_ b'/;+rf/ nufot larf}lnofsf] lgoGq0fdf /x]sf] 5 . larf}lnof sd{rf/LtGq leq} / bn leq} klg x'g] /x]5g\ . d}n] cfkm}n] ef]u]sf] Pp6f 36gf ofxf pNn]v ug{' ;fGble{s x'5 . g]kfnsf] s[lif e"/0fgLlts :jfy{sf] s]Gb| g} xf] / g]kfn ef/tsf] nueu Psflwsf/ s[lif ahf/ xf] . p;sf] rfxgf eGbf aflx/ uP/ g]kfn ;/sf/ / ls;fgx?n] s]xL u/]df h;/L klg p;n] c;kmn kfg]{ /x]5 . s[lif gLlt k|efjsfl/tf cWoogsf] l;nl;nfdf ;a} ;/f]sf/jfnf af]nfO{ ax; ul//x]sf lyof} . Pshgf df5f Aoj;foLn] cfFvfe/L cfF;' kfb}{ Tof] e]nfdf eGg' ePsf] dd{:k;L{ s'/fsf] ;f/ ;+If]k o:tf] 5M Úd lhljt df5f lat/0f ;+3sf] cWoIf . xfdL %–^ 306fdf lhljt df5f sf7df8f}+ NofO{ lals| uYof}{ . ef/taf6 cfpg] lhljt df5f eGbf xfd|f] df5f u|fxssf] /f]hfO{df kg{ yfn]kl5 ef/tLo lhljt df5f Aofkf/Lsf g]kfnL Ph]G6 -bnfn_x?n] af6fsf ;a} r]skf]i6x?df k};f v'jfO{ xfd|f lhpFbf df5fsf 6«s af6f]df htftt} r]shfFrsf] gfddf 306f} l9nfO{ u/fO{ af6f]d} ;a} df5f d/] . xfd|f] of] ;d:ofsf] sfFxL klg ;'g'jfO{ ePgÚ .

csf]{ cln 7"nf] pbfx/0f klg 5 . d k|lti7fgdf uPkl5 ;'wfg'{ kg]{ s[lif gLlt klg lyof] . To;}n] of] gLlt agfpFbf hgtfsf] ckgTj / :jfldTj a9fpg] k|s[of :yfkgf ug]{ k|of; :j?k s[lif dGqL 3gZofd e'iffnnfO{ e]6+] gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgsf] tkm{af6 . d;+u k|lti7fgsf] tkm{af6 l6d g} lyof] . pxfF s[lif gLlt kl/dfh{g ug]{ k|s[ofdf x'g' x'GYof] . xfdLn] k|lti7fgsf] Do08]6 cg'?k dGqfnonfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ k|Stfj /fVof} / xfd|f] k|:tfj ;'g]/ pxf lgs} v';L x'g'eof] xfd|flar nueu @ 306f hltsf] uxg 5nkmn kl5 pxfn] eGg" eof] æk|lti7fgn] s[lif gLlt th'{df k|s[ofdf ;xof]u ug{]u/L cfˆgf] Wofg ug{ labf lnPsf] ;lra kms]{kl5 tkfO{x? sxfF k7fpF5' . clxn] b]lv t]ofl/ ug{';Æ . xfdL gLs} pT;flxt eP/ kmls{O{ o;sf] t}of/L ug{ yfNof} . t/ pxfFn] k7fpF5' eGg' ePsf ;lra cfPgg\ . xfdLn] ;f]wL vf]hL ubf{ t dGqLnfO{ dGqfno leq}sf larf}lnofn] e8\sfO{{ lbP5g\ . clg dGqL xfdL;Fusf] ;xdltaf6 kl5 x6]5g\ . s]xL dlxgfkl5 pgn] s[lifdf s]xL g} gu/L labf eP . xfdLnfO{ yfxf eof] larf}lnof slt zlQmzfnL /x]5g\ Pp6f xSsL / s]xL u5'{ eg]/ cfPsf] dGqLnfO{ z'Go pknAwL ;lxt aflxl/g' kg]{ cj:yf >[hgf ul/lbP .

@=@=!! gLltsf] lg/Gt/tf gx'g'M

sltko gLltx? ;/sf/ km]l/gf;fy / cem dGqL km]l/gf;fy kl/jt{g ug]{, ;lran] sfof{Gjogd} gnuL gLlt c;kmn agfpg] h:tf sf/0f klg g]kfnsf ;fj{hlgs gLltx? c;kmn ePsf /x]5g\ .

@=@=!@ e"/0fgLlts k|efjM

e"/0fgLlt / e"/fhgLltsf] sf/0f :jtGq ?kdf g]kfnn] gLlt lgdf{0f ug{ vf]Hbf k|ToIf–ck|ToIf ?kdf cj/f]w u/fpg] cEof; lgs} hAa/ /x]5 . o:tf cj/f]wsf k5f8L e"/0fgLlts / e"/fhgLlts rfk g} lyof] .

Gf]kfnsf] e"cjl:ylt rLg / ef/t lar /x]s} sf/0fn] ltAatsf] ;jfnnfO{ lnP/ klZrdf zlQm -o'/f]k / cd]l/sf_ x? rLg la/f]wL ultlawLdf g]kfnd} ;s[o x'g] /x]5g . km]/L bnfO{ nfdfsf] ultlawLn] g]kfn dfly e"/0fgLltsf] rfk al9/x]sf] 5 / of] rfknfO{ 36fO{ t6:y agfpg ;lsPg eg] g]kfn yk hl6ntfdf hfb} 5 .

;du|df eGg' kbf{ g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs gLlt k|efjsfl/tfnfO{ v'DRofpg] dxTjk"0f{ ;jfnx?df ;+:yfut sdhf]/ Ifdtf, ;f+:s[lts ;jfn, cfly{s >f]t, ;+/rgfut ;jfn, Aoj:yflksf ;jfn, lab]zL u}x| ;/sf/L ;+:yf, låklIfo / ax'klIfo bftfx?, e"/fhgLlts :jfy{ k"/f ug{ zlQmzfnL b]zn] kl/rfng u/]sf :jb]zL / lab]zL AolQmx?, /fhgLlt1x?sf] csd{08otf, sd{rf/LtGqsf] a]sDdfkg, ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf] lalw, k|s[of / laifoa:t'sf] a]jf:tf g} x'g -gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg @)&( s / v_

.

#= cuf8Lsf] af6f]M

elaiodf ;fj{hlgs gLltnfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] xf] eg] lgDg sfd ug'{ ckl/xfo{ 5M

s_ dfu{bz{gsf] pkof]uM

;f/f+zdf gLlt th'{dfsf] k|s[of / ;lx ;+/rgfTds vfFsfsf] k|of]u ug]{ cEof;af6 lgDg cg';f/ ubf{ gLlt k|efjsf/L agfpg ;lsG5 .

cGt/f{li6«o ?kdf :yflkt gLlt lgdf{0fsf lalw, k|s[of / laifoa:t' cg'?k gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgn] t}of/ u/]sf] dfu{bz{g -lrq ! / @_ cg'?k ug]{ . ;lx gLlt th{'df k|s[ofM ;lx k|s[of ckgfO{ gLlt th'{df ubf{ kl/0ffd ;lx cfpF5 . ;fa{hlgs gLlt th'{df ubf{ laleGg r/0f kf/ ug'{ kb{5 . lt x'g\M !_ gLlt th'{dfsf] laifoa:t'sf] klxrfg, @_ klxrfg ul/Psf laifoa:t'sf] laZn]if0f / k|fyldls/0f, #_ gLltsf] k|f/lDes d:of}bf n]vg, $_ k|f/lDes d:of}bf ;fa{hlgsLs/0f / k[i7kf]if0f ;+sng u/L ;fa{hlgs ax; ;+rfng, %_ a'bf+ $ sf ;'emfa cg'?k d:of}bf gLltsf] kl/dfh{g, ^_ kl/dflh{t d:of}bf dfly la1 ;ldIff / k[i7kf]if0f, &_ bf]>f] d:of}bf n]v, *_ bf>f] d:of}bf ;fa{hlgsLs/0f / clGtd ;'emfa ;+sng, (_ ;a}lt/af6 clGtd k6s ;+slnt ;'emfasf cfwf/df gLltsf] clGtd d:of}bf n]vg, !)_ cflwsfl/s lgsfoaf6 ;fa{hlgs gLlt l:js[lt, !!_ gLlt sfof{Gjog / !@_ gLltsf] d'Nof+sg kl/dfh{g jf vf/]hL / gofF gLlt lgdf{0f -gofF gLlt th'{df ug'{kg]{ eP k"g dflysf r/0f k"/f ug'{ kb{5_ . o;f] ubf{ ;/f]sf/jfnfsf] k"0f{ ;+nUgtf x'g] x'Fbf :jfldTj / ckgTj al9 gLltsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ ;lsG5 . of] gLlt th{'df k|s[of ;fdfGotof o:sf] hl6ntf, Aofkstf / c;/sf] cfwf/df ! aif{ b]lv # aif{df k'/f ug{ ;lsG5 -gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg @)&(v_

.

 

lrq !M elaiodf gLlt agfpFbf clgjfo{ ckgfpg'kg{] r/0fut v'dlsnfx? ->f]t, gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg @)&(v_

gLlt th'{dfsf] vfsf÷;+/rgfM s'g} klg k"0f{ gLltdf lgDg lnlvt k|fawfg ePs} x'g'kb{5 . lt x'g\ v08 !M k[i7e'ld h;df % efu /x]sf x'G5g\, !_ P]ltxfl;s÷lautsf] ;Gbe{, @_ at{dfg cj:yfsf] laZn]if0f, #_ ;d:of, r'gf}tL, cj;/sf] laZn]if0f, $_ gLlt lgdf{0fsf] cfjZostf / laifoa:t' klxrfg / k|fyldlss/0f %_ dxTjk"0f{ ;jfnx?sf] kl/efiff ;dfa]; ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . v08 @M gLlt dfu{bz{g h; cGtu{t !_ b'/b[li6, @_ gLltsf] nIo, #_ gLltsf p2]Zo k|i6 ?kdf cGt;{DalGwt x'g] u/L pNn]v ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . v08 #M gLlt dfu{bz{gsf k|d'v c+ux? h;df !_ gLltut k|fawfgx? -kf]ln;L :6]6d]G6;\_, @_ sfof{Gjogsf /0fgLltx? / #_ sfof{Gjogsf sfo{lawLx? k|i6, dfkg ug{ ;lsg] u/L pNn]v ePsf] x'g' kb{5 . v08 $M gLlt sfof{gjogsf cfwf/x? leq !_ ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, @_ lalQo >f]t Aoj:yfkg, #_ ef}lts k"af{wf/ tyf pks/0fsf] klxrfg / k|fawfg, $_ sfg"gL Aoj:yf÷cfjZostf, %_ cGtgL{lt ;dGjo, ^_ cGtd{Gqfno ;dGjo / &_ hf]lvd Aoj:yfkg :ki6 / dfkg of]Uo ?kdf pNn]v ePsf] x'g'kb{5 . gLlt th'{dfsf] vfFsfsf] kfrf} v08 xf] cg'udg, ;ldIff / k"gj/fn]fsg h; cGtu{t !_ sfof{Gjog cg'udg tyf d'Nof+sg, @_ gLlt ;ldIff tyf k"g/fjnf]sg -h;df gLlt ;ldIffsf k|d'v cfofdx? h:t} laifoa:t', sfof{Gjogsf] cj:yf / c;/ kb{5g\ _ gLlt kl/dfh{Gf÷;+zf]wg, gLlt vf/]hL kb{5g\ .

lrq @M elaiodf gLlt agfpFbf ckgfpg'kg{] gLlt bLtfj]hsf] vfsf ->f]t, gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg @)&(v_

v_  sfg"g agfpFbf gLlt;Fu cfj4 ug{'kg]{ .

u_ x/]s gLlt agfpFbf dWofjlw d'Nof+sg ug]{ k|fawfg clgjfo{ /fvL gLlt k|efjsfl/tf kl/If0f ug]{ / ;f] sf] cfwf/df gLlt k'g{n]vg jf vf/]hL ug]{ lg0f{o lng] .

3_ gLlt sfof{GjognfO{ lhDd]jf/ clwsf/L -;lra, ;x;lra_ sf] sfo{;Dkfbgd'Nof+sg clgjfo{ cfwf/ agfpg' kg]{ / ;DalGwt sd{rf/L cfkm} lhDd]jf/L x'g] k|0ffnLsf] lasf; ug]{ .

%_ gLlt agfpFbf cg';Gwfg jf c? plrt tl/sfaf6 tYof+s ;+sng u/L k|df0fsf] cfwf/df agfpg' kg]{ .

^_ gLlt lgdf{0fs} r/0fdf gLlt sfof{Gjogsf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ >f]tx? -h:t} sfg"g, hgzlQm, ;+u7g, k|lalw / pks/0f_ k|If]k0f ;lxt >f]tsf] ;'lglZrttf ug]{ .

&_ 7"nf / /fli6«o dxTjsf ;jfnx?sf] gLlt ;+;baf6 agfO{g' kg]{ .

 

$= lgisif{M

;+s'lrt bfo/f, ;fgf] ;d"x / ;Lldt ;dodf lgdf{0f ul/Psf gLltx¿sf] sfof{Gogsf hu cToGt} sdhf]/ x'G5g\ . j}1flgs k4ltdf cfwfl/t eP/ gLlt lgdf{0f ug]{ s'/f rflx cfk}mdf Pp6f nfdf] / hl6n k|lqmof xf] . tyflk, gLlt lgdf{0fsf qmddf canDjg ul/g] oLg} hl6n tyf j}1flgs k|s[of / gLlt rqm kf/ u/]/ lg:sg] kl/0ffd eg]s} ;xL gLlt xf] . gLltx¿ gLlt rqm -lrq g+= ! / @_sf] l;4fGtdf cfwfl/t eP/ agfOPg eg] To:tf gLlt ljjflbt x'g], sfof{Gjogsf] kIf cToGt} hl6n x'g] tyf sfof{Gjog g} geO{ lgis[o x'g] hf]lvd /xG5 . To;}n], dxTjk"0f{ /fli6«o ;fj{hlgs gLltx¿ agfpFbf cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿n] ckgTj / :jfldTj lng ;Sg] x'g'kb{5 . ;fy}, gLlt sfof{Gjogsf nflu ckl/xfo{ cfwf/x? -sfg'g, cfly{s >f]t, ;+:yfut ;+/rgf / sfof{Gjogsf] bfloTj ls6fg_sf] klg ;'lglZrt ePsf] x'g' kb{5 .

;Gbe{ z'lr

1.            Anderson, J. E. (2011). Public policy making. Wadsworth.

2.            Baumgartner, F. R., & Jones, B. D. (1993). Agendas and instability in American politics. University of Chicago Press.

3.            Birkland, T. A. (2016). An Introduction to the Policy Process. Routledge.

4.            Charles L. C. and Malone E. F. (1995). Public policy: Perspective and choices. Mc Graw Hill.

5.            Downs, A. (1957). An economic theory of democracy. Harper.

6.            Dye, T. R. (2013). Understanding Public Policy (14th ed.). Pearson.

7.            Easton, D. (1965). A Systems Analysis of Political Life. Wiley.

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9.            Howlett, M., & Ramesh, M. (2003). Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles and Policy Subsystems. Oxford University Press.

10.        Howlett, M., Ramesh, M., & Perl, A. (2009). Studying Public Policy. Oxford University Press.

11.        Lasswell, H. D. (1951). The Policy Orientation. Stanford University Press.

12.        Lasswell, H. D. (1956). The Decision Process: Seven Categories of Functional Analysis. University of Maryland Press.

13.        Lindblom, C. E. (1959). The science of “muddling through.” Public Administration Review, 19(2), 79–88.

14.        Lindblom, C. E. (1979). “Still Muddling, Not Yet Through.” Public Administration Review, 39(6), 517–526.

15.        March, J. G., & Olsen, J. P. (1984). The new institutionalism: Organizational factors in political life. American Political Science Review, 78(3), 734–749.

16.        OECD (2018). Policy Framework for Sound Public Governance. Paris: OECD.

17.        Olson, M. (1965). The logic of collective action: Public goods and the theory of groups. Harvard University Press.

18.        Ostrom, E. (1990). Governing the Commons. Cambridge University Press.

19.        Peters, B. G. (2015). Advanced Introduction to Public Policy. Edward Elgar.

20.        Peters, B. G. (2020). Designing institutions for designing policy. Policy & Politics, 48 (1), 131-147.

21.        Rijal, M. R., & Upreti, B. R. (2022). Reflecting on Public Policy Landscape in Nepal. Policy Research Institute.

22.        Sabatier, P. A. (1988). An advocacy coalition framework of policy change and the role of policy-oriented learning. Policy Sciences, 21 (2–3), 129–168.

23.        Sabatier, P. A., & Jenkins-Smith, H. C. (1993). Policy change and learning: An advocacy coalition approach. Westview Press.

24.        Simon, H. A. (2013). Administrative behavior. Simon and Schuster.

25.        Simon, H. A. (1955). A behavioral model of rational choice. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 69(1), 99–118.

26.        UNDP (2020). Governance and Public Administration Report. New York: UNDP

27.        Wildavsky, A. (1973). “If Planning Is Everything, Maybe It’s Nothing.” Policy Sciences, 4(2), 127–153.

28.         kf7s, k|tfk s'df/, pk|]tL, lji0f' /fh / v8sf, bLks s'df/ . -@)&*_ . ;fj{hlgs gLlt th'{df lbUbz{g . gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg .

29.         zdf{ Gof}kfg], xl/ / pk|]tL lai0f'/fh . -;Dkfbg_ . -@)&*_ . g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf; gLltsf ;Gbe{df ljleGg d'n'ssf cfly{s gLlt tyf cfjlws of]hgfsf cg'ej / ah]6 th'{df k|lqmofsf] l;+xfjnf]sg -k|sf;g ;ª\VofM )@*_ . sf7df08f}M gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg .

30.         pk|]tL, lai0f' /fh . @)*! . g]kfndf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf Goflos ;ldltsf ef]ufO / l;sfO . sf7df8f}FM b'uf{–zfGtf ;fdflhs ljsf; ;dfh .

31.         gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg . -@)&(s_ . sfo{sf/L cWoIf 8f= lji0f' /fh pk|]tLsf] sfof{jlw ;dfkg k|ltj]bgM @)&^ kmfu'g @) – @)&( kmfu'g !( . sf7df8f}FM gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg .

32.         gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg . -@)&(v_ . ;fj{hflgs gLlt lgdf{0fsf] laifoa:t', ljlw / k|s[of . sf7df8f}FM gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg

---

[1] bf]nvf lhNnfsf] d]n'+u ufp kflnsf jf8{ g+ ! Ps df hGdLPsf 8f pk|]tLn] ;g\ @))! df g]bNof{+8sf] jfu]Gx]u]+g laZjlaWofnoaf6 åGå Aoa:yfkgdf ljBfjfl/lw, ;g\ !((* df ;f]lx laZjlaWofnoaf6 1fg k|0ffnL Aoa:yfkgdf :gftsf]Q/ / ;g !(($ df lqaLsf] ;dfh zf:q÷dfgj zf:q s]›Lo laefuaf6 ;dfh zf:q÷dfgj zf:qdf :gftsf]Q/ l8u|L xfl;n ug{'ePsf] 5 .  nf]s;]jf cfof]u af6 @)$& df ! gDj/df ;xfos s[lif cy{ la1 kbdf l;kmfl/; s]lx ;do ;'b'/klzdf+rn If]qLo l;+rfO{ lgb]{zgfnodf sfo{/t /xL :yfoL ;/sf/L z]jfaf6 cnlUuPsf 8f pk|]tL ;g\ @))) a]vL # aif{ a]nfotsf] ;/] laZjf]laWofno / nG8g laZjlaWofnfosf] ls+U; sn]udf cg';Gwfg tyf k|fWofkg ug{' eof] . t];k5L l:j; laZjlaWofnfofx?sf] ;+hfnn] ;+rfng u/]sf] !@ aif]{ cjlwsf] $$ b];df ;+rflnt cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgfsf] blIf0f ol;of ;+of]hs e} * aif{ / ;g\ @)@) dfr{ b]lv # aif{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lyÍ 6\of+s gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgsf] sfo{sf/L cWoIosf] lhDd]jf/L ;Dxfn]sf 8f pk|]tLsf] ! bh{g eGbf a9L åLkIfLo / ax'IfLo lasf; ;fh]bf/ ;+:yfx?df klg sfo{ u/]sf] cGg'ej 5 . xfn;Dd 8f pk|]tLn] !)% j6f k':tsx?sf] n]vg÷;Dkfbg tyf # bh{g hg{n cfl6{sn, %)) hlt kl/R5]b, sfo{kq tyf k|d'v /f:6«Lo kqkqLsfdf n]vx? k|sfl;t ug{' ePsf] 5 . k];fut sfd / ko{6sLo pb]Zon] pxfn] clxn];Dd ljZjsf !)@ j6f b]zx?sf] e|d0f ug{' ePsf] 5 . xfn pxf >LdtL 8f od'gf 3n], 5f]/L cl:dtf / 5f]/f co'Zsf ;fy\ uf]bfj/L gkf jf8{ g+ !@ l;len xf]D;–# df a:g'x'G5 .