/fli6«o gLlt tyf of]hgf kl/ifb\sf] cfjZostf

lji0f' /fh pk|]tL

!= kl/j];

cfly{s jif{ @)*#÷*$ sf] ;/sf/sf] gLlt tyf sfo{s|dsf] aF'bf (& n] ktg gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgsf] k'g;+/rgf ug] pNn]v ub} o;nfO{ ægLlt tyf of]hgf lgdf{0fnfO{ tYo / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t agfpg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u tyf gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgsf] k'g;+/rgf u/L cg';Gwfg / cg'udgdf s]lGb|t ;Ifd / ljZj;gLo ;fj{h\lgs æly+s–6\ofÍÆ tyf æ/fli6«o gLlt zf]w zfnfÆ sf] ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g]Æ elgPsf] 5.

o; kl/j];df g]kfndf of]hgfa4 ljsf;sf] ;'?jft ug]{ p2]Zosf ;fy lj=;+= @)!# -;g\ !(%^_ df klxnf] k6s k|wfgdGqLsf] cWoIftfdf of]hgf lgsfosf] ¿kdf :yflkt /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u -tTsfnLg of]hgf d08n_ lj=;+= @)&% df ægLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg -u7g_ cfb]z, @)&%Æ cg';f/ :yflkt gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg k'g;+/rgf x'g] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 .  

bf];|f] ljZjo'4kl5 tTsfnLg ;f]leot ;+3n] cl3 ;f/]sf] æk~rjifL{o of]hgfæ / /fHo–lgolGqt s]lG›sLs[t cfly{s ljsf;sf] cjwf/0ff df cwfl/t of]hgf cfof]u ef/t x'Fb} g]kfndf lelqPsf] lyof].

/fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u nfdf] ;dob]lv ljb]zL bft[ lgsfo tyf ljsf; ;fem]bf/x¿sf] gLltut x:tIf]k / æ8f]g/–l8«egæ Ph]G8fsf] 5fofdf kb}{ cfPsf] 5, h;n] ubf{ b]zsf jf:tljs k|fyldstfx¿ cf]em]ndf k/]sf 5g\. ;+:yfleq cfw'lgs cy{zf:q, 8]6f ljZn]if0f / /0fgLlts of]hgfsf bIf hgzlQmsf] cefj tyf lghfdtL ;]jfaf6 ldNsfO{Psf] dfgl;stf ;lxt cfpg] sd{rf/Lx¿n] o;nfO{ s]jn lab]; 3'Dg] / ;do s6fpg] ynf]sf ¿kdf dfq lnG5g\ eg] cfof]usf ;b:ox¿sf] lgo'lQm v'nf / kf/bzL{ k|lt:kwf{af6 geO{ bnLo efuaG8f / /fhgLlts ;+/If0fsf cfwf/df x'g] ePsf]n] plgx¿ /fli6«o lxteGbf klg cfˆgf dft[ kf6L{sf lglxt /fhgLlts :jfy{ k"/f ug{, cfˆgf g]tfsf If]qdf v'›] cfof]hgf kfg{ / bnLo :jfy{nfO{ of]hgfdf 3';fpg a9L s]lG›t b]lvPs} sf/0f of] cfof]u cf}lrTolxg aGb} uPsf] b]lvG5 . alnof] sfg'gL clwsf/ / ah]6df k|ToIf lgoGq0f gePsf sf/0f zlQmzfnL dGqfnox¿ / :yfoL sd{rf/LtGqn] cfof]usf lgb]{zg / of]hgfx¿nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf pk]Iff / a]jf:tf ub}{ cfPsf 5g\. o;/L bft[ lgsfosf] bafa, cfGtl/s cIfdtf, bnLo u'6aGbL / k|zf;lgs pk]Iffsf sf/0f /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u d'n'ssf] ljsf;nfO{ lbzf lgb]{z ug{ g;Sg] u/L nueu lgsDdf / c;kmn ;+:yfsf] ¿kdf kl/0ft ePsf] 5.

gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgsf] :yfkgf g]kfn ;/sf/åf/f jj=;+= @)&% df ægLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg -u7g_ cfb]z, @)&%Æ cg';f/ ePsf] xf]. ptf 5f]6f] ;dodf cfkmgf] cf}lrTo k'li6 ug{ ;km ePklg gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg klg P]gsf] cefj, k|zf;lgs pk]Iff / /fhlglts g]t[Tjsf] a]jf:tfsf sf/0f cl:y/ g] /x]sf] 5 . t];}n] clxn] oL b'a} ;+:yfx?sf] k'g;+/rgf cfjZos b]lvPsf] xf] .

@= ljleGg b]zx¿df cfjlws tyf jflif{s of]hgf lgdf{0f k|0ffnLsf] ;ldIff

ljZjsf clwsf+z ljsl;t /fi6«x¿df g]kfnsf] h:tf] s]G›Lo of]hgf cfof]usf] Joj:yf 5}g. ToxfF of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] sfo{ dGqfnox¿, :jtGq cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx¿, /fli6«o tYofÍ lgsfox¿, ljZjljBfnox¿, lghL If]q tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/x¿sf] ;xsfo{df ;~rfng x'G5. s]xL b]zx¿df eg] /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgf tof/ ug]{ ljz]if kl/ifb\ jf cfof]ux¿ klg /x]sf 5g\ h:sf] jf/]df ofxf 5f]6f] rrf{ ul/G5 .

a]nfotdf s]G›Lo of]hgf cfof]u 5}g. ;/sf/L vr{, ah]6 tyf ljsf; k|fyldstfsf] lgwf{/0f cy{ dGqfnon] u5{. ljleGg dGqfnox¿n] cf–cfˆgf] If]qut of]hgf tof/ u5{g\. /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{no, ljZjljBfnox¿ tyf :jtGq gLltut cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx¿n] tYo, ljZn]if0f / ;'emfj k|bfg u5{g\. bL3{sfnLg gLlt lgdf{0f cg';Gwfg / k|df0fdf cfwfl/t x'G5.

cd]l/sfdf klg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u 5}g. jflif{s ah]6, sfo{;Dkfbg of]hgf tyf ljsf; k|fyldstfx¿ /fi6«kltsf] k|zf;lgs tyf ah]6 sfof{no / ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿n] tof/ u5{g\. ;+;b\sf] ah]6 ljZn]if0f lgsfo, ljZjljBfnox¿, cg';Gwfg s]G›x¿ tyf lghL If]qsf ljz]if1x¿n] gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpF5g\.

g]b/Nof08\;df cfly{s gLlt ljZn]if0fsf nflu :jtGq cfly{s gLlt ljZn]if0f sfof{no :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5. o; ;+:yfn] cfly{s k"jf{g'dfg, gLltut k|efj d"NofÍg tyf tYout ljZn]if0f k|bfg u5{. ;/sf/n] log} cWoogsf cfwf/df jflif{s tyf bL3{sfnLg ljsf; of]hgf tof/ u5{.

hd{gLdf of]hgf lgdf{0f d'VotM dGqfnox¿åf/f ul/G5. cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljifodf lj1x¿sf] /fli6«o kl/ifb\, cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgx¿ tyf ljZjljBfnox¿n] ;/sf/nfO{ gLltut ;'emfj k|bfg u5{g\. ;+3Lo / k|fb]lzs ;/sf/aLrsf] ;dGjo of]hgf lgdf{0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ cfwf/ xf].

k|mfG;df k/Dk/fut of]hgf cfof]usf] :yfgdf /fli6«o /0fgLlts cWoog s]G› :yfkgf ul/Psf] 5. o; ;+:yfn] bL3{sfnLg ljsf;, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs gLltsf ljifodf cg';Gwfg / ;'emfj k|bfg u5{. jflif{s of]hgf tyf ah]6 ;DalGwt dGqfnox¿n] tof/ u5{g\.

;fpbL c/]laofdf cy{tGq tyf of]hgf dGqfnon] /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgf lgdf{0f u5{. of]hgfsf] k|ult cg'udgsf nflu ljz]if sfo{;Dkfbg k|0ffnL k|of]u ul/G5.

Sofg8fdf s]G›Lo of]hgf cfof]u 5}g. k|wfgdGqL tyf dlGqkl/ifb\sf] sfof{no, cy{ dGqfno tyf cGo dGqfnox¿n] of]hgf lgdf{0f / ah]6 Joj:yfkg u5{g\. ljZjljBfnox¿, cg';Gwfg s]G›x¿ / k|fb]lzs ;/sf/x¿sf] ;xeflutf dxTjk"0f{ dflgG5.

rLgdf /fli6«o ljsf; tyf ;'wf/ cfof]u gfds cToGt zlQmzfnL of]hgf lgsfo /x]sf] 5. o;n] kfFrjifL{o of]hgf, bL3{sfnLg ljsf; /0fgLlt tyf /fli6«o k|fyldstfx¿ to u5{. k|fGtLo ;/sf/x¿, ljZjljBfnox¿, cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx¿ tyf ljz]if1 ;d"xx¿ klg of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf ;xefuL x'G5g\.

l;Ëfk'/df k|wfgdGqL sfof{no, cy{ dGqfno tyf /fli6«o /0fgLlt ;d"xn] bL3{sfnLg ljsf; of]hgf tof/ u5{g\. cWoog, k|ljlw ljsf;, dfgj ;+;fwg tyf cfly{s k|lt:kwf{Tdstfsf ljifodf ljZjljBfno / ;/sf/L cg';Gwfg s]G›x¿n] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x u5{g\.

 

dn]l;ofdf cy{ dGqfnocGtu{t /x]sf] cfly{s of]hgf PsfOn] kfFrjifL{o /fli6«o of]hgf tof/ u5{. of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf dGqfnox¿, k|fb]lzs ;/sf/x¿, lghL If]q, gful/s ;dfh tyf ljZjljBfnox¿sf] ;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ul/G5.

yfONof08df /fli6«o cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs ljsf; kl/ifb\n] /fli6«o ljsf; of]hgf tof/ u5{. of] ;+:yf cg';Gwfg, tYofÍ / of]hgf lgdf{0fnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ lgsfosf ¿kdf kl/lrt 5.

dfyLsf pbxf/0fx? / cg'ejn] klg b]vfpF5 ls ljsf; of]hgf lgdf{0fdf xfd|f] h:tf] 5'6\6} /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u ge} cg';Gwfg ;+:yf, /fli6«o tYofÍ lgsfo, ljZjljBfno, lghL If]q, k|fb]lzs tyf :yfgLo ;/sf/ / ljifout lj1x¿sf] dxTjk"0f{ :yfg / ;lqmo ;xeflutf /xG5 . jblnbf] kl/j];df at{dfg gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg / /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] k'g;+/rgf ckl/xfo{ e};s]sf] 5 h:sf] jf/]df tNnf] v08df k|Stfj ul/Psf] 5 h:n] k/Dk/fut ah]6 l;lnu+ lbg] lgsfo eGbf a9L 1fg, cg';Gwfg, tYofÍ / /0fgLlts ;f]rsf] s]G›sf ¿kdf sfo{ ug]{ 5 .

#= /fli6«o gLlt tyf of]hgf kl/ifb\sf] k|Ztfj

g]kfnsf] ljsf; k|zf;g, ;fj{hlgs gLlt lgdf{0f tyf of]hgfut Joj:yfkgsf] Oltxf;df /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u -/fof]cf_ nuftf/ ?kdf c;kmn b]lvb} cfPsf] 5. g]kfnsf] zf;g k|0ffnL, cy{tGq, ;+3Lo ;+/rgf, ;"rgf k|ljlw, ljZjJofkL k|lt:kwf{ tyf ljsf;sf r'gf}tLx¿df Jofks kl/jt{g cfPsf]n] cj of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf gLlt Joj:yfkg klg leGg tl/sfn] ug{'kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 .

xfn /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg / /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{non] cnu–cnu ¿kdf sfo{ ;~rfng ul//x]sf 5g\. /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf cg'udgsf] lhDd]jf/L lgjf{x ub{5, gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgn] cg';Gwfg tyf gLltut cWoog ;~rfng ub{5 eg] /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{non] tYofÍ pTkfbg tyf Joj:yfkgsf] sfo{ u5{. oBlk oL tLgj6} ;+:yfsf sfo{If]qx¿ k/:k/ ;DalGwt 5g\. tYofÍsf] cfwf/df cg';Gwfg x'G5, cg';Gwfgsf] cfwf/df gLlt lgdf{0f x'G5 / gLltsf] sfof{Gjog tyf d"NofÍgaf6 k'gM gofF tYo tyf 1fg pTkGg x'G5. t/ oL ;+:yfx¿aLrsf] ;+/rgfut ljefhgsf sf/0f gLltut lg0f{o k|lqmofdf cfjZos ;dGjo, ;"rgf k|jfx tyf ;+:yfut PsLs/0f x'g ;s]sf] 5}g.

g]kfn ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLdf k|j]z ul/;s]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf ljsf; of]hgf lgdf{0f, cg'udg, d"NofÍg tyf tYo Joj:yfkgnfO{ PsLs[t 9Ën] ;~rfng ug]{ cfjZostf emg\ a9]sf] 5. ljZjsf ;kmn /fi6«x¿sf] cg'ejn] klg cg';Gwfg, tYofÍ, of]hgf, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ Pp6} ;+:yfut 9fFrfleq ;d]6\bf ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] u'0f:t/, ljsf; of]hgfsf] k|efjsfl/tf tyf ;/sf/L pQ/bfloTj pNn]vgLo ¿kdf j[l4 x'g] b]vfPsf] 5. o;} ;Gbe{df g]kfndf jt{dfg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg tyf /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{nonfO{ PsLs[t u/L æ/fli6«o gLlt tyf of]hgf kl/ifb\Æ :yfkgf ug]{ cjwf/0ff ofxf k|:t't ul/Psf] 5.

#=! cfjZostf / cf}lrTo

g]kfnsf] jt{dfg of]hgfut ;+/rgfdf ljleGg k|sf/sf ;+:yfut sdhf]/Lx¿ b]lvPsf 5g\. /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]un] of]hgf lgdf{0f u/] klg of]hgfsf] cfwf/ aGg'kg]{ cg';Gwfg / tYofÍ sf] ;lx pkof]u ul/Psf] 5}g. gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgn] cg';Gwfg u/] klg To;sf lgisif{x¿ of]hgf th{'df ;+u hf]l8Psf 5}gg\. /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{non] ljleGg tYofÍ pTkfbg u/] klg tL tYofÍx¿ of]hgf lgdf{0f / lg0f{o k|lqmofdf ck]lIft ¿kdf k|of]u x'g] u/]sf 5}gg\.

kmn:j¿k g]kfndf gLlt lgdf{0f w]/}h;f] cg'dfg, k|zf;lgs cg'ej jf tTsfnLg /fhgLlts k|fyldstfdf cfwfl/t x'g] u/]sf] 5. ljsf; of]hgfx¿df dxTjfsfÍ\ifL nIo lgwf{/0f eP klg ltgsf] oyfy{k/stf, ljQLo ;DefJotf tyf sfof{Gjog Ifdtf kof{Kt ¿kdf ljZn]if0f gx'g] ;d:of ljBdfg 5. of]hgfsf] sfof{Gjog cg'udg k|0ffnL klg sdhf]/ /x]sf] 5 / d"NofÍgsf lgisif{x¿ cfufdL of]hgfdf kof{Kt ¿kdf ;dfj]z x'g] u/]sf 5}gg\.

;+3Lo ;+/rgfsf] sfof{Gjogkl5 ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txdf 5'§f5'§} of]hgf lgdf{0f x'g] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5. t/ oL txx¿aLr kof{Kt ;dGjo gx'Fbf of]hgfut bf]xf]/f]kg, ;|f]tsf] bf]xf]/f] pkof]u tyf ljsf; k|fyldstfdf c;Gt'ng b]lvg] u/]sf] 5. t];}n] clxn] PsLs[t /fli6«o ljsf; b[li6sf]0f lgdf{0f ug{ ;Ifd ;+:yfut ;+oGqsf] cfjZostf dx;'; ul/Psf] 5. oxL sf/0fn] gLlt cg';Gwfg, tYofÍ, of]hgf, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ Pp6} ;+:yfut ;+/rgfleq NofO{ 1fgdf cfwfl/t ljsf; of]hgfsf] cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{' cTofjZos ePsf] xf] .

#=@ b"/b[li6

/fli6«o gLlt tyf of]hgf kl/ifb\sf] bL3{sfnLg b"/b[li6 k|df0fdf cfwfl/t, cg';Gwfgd'vL, ;dlGjt / kl/0ffdd'vL ljsf; zf;g k|0ffnLdfkm{t ;d[4, ;dfj]zL / lbuf] g]kfnsf] lgdf{0f x'g]5. o; b"/b[li6sf] s]G›df tYodf cfwfl/t lg0f{o, j}1flgs of]hgf lgdf{0f, gjk|jt{gsf] k|j4{g tyf ljsf; kl/0ffdsf] lg/Gt/ ;'wf/ /xg]5.

#=# p2]Zo

kl/ifb\sf] k|d'v p2]Zo g]kfnsf] ;fj{hlgs gLlt tyf of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lqmofnfO{ j}1flgs, ljZj;gLo tyf pQ/bfoL agfpg' x'g]5. kl/ifb\n] /fli6«o ljsf;sf bL3{sfnLg nIo tyf /0fgLlt lgwf{/0f ug]{, of]hgfx¿sf dZof]bf tof/ ug]{, gLltut cg';GwfgnfO{ k|f]T;fxg ug]{, /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] g]t[Tj ug]{ tyf ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|efjsfl/tf d"NofÍg ug]{ sfo{ ug]{5. ;fy}, ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf tLgj6} txaLr ljsf; ;dGjo ;'b[9 ub}{ ;fj{hlgs ;|f]tsf] k|efjsf/L pkof]u ;'lglZrt ug{' klg kl/ifb\sf] csf]{ p2]Zo x'g]5.

# $= ;+:yfut :j¿k

/fli6«o gLlt tyf of]hgf kl/ifb\nfO{ s]jn dGqfnosf] Pp6f zfvf jf ;/sf/sf] lgoldt k|zf;lgs lgsfosf] ¿kdf geO{ pRr:t/Lo :jfoQ ;+:yfsf ¿kdf ljsf; ul/g'k5{. o;sf] :yfkgf ;+;b\af6 ljz]if P]g kfl/t u/L ug'{ bL3{sfnLg :yfloTjsf nflu cfjZos 5.

kl/ifb\sf] cWoIf k|wfgdGqL /xg] Joj:yf ubf{ /fli6«o ljsf; gLltdf pRr /fhgLlts k|lta4tf ;'lglZrt ug]{5. t/ kl/ifb\sf] b}lgs k|zf;lgs tyf k|fljlws ;~rfng eg] :jtGq / Jofj;flos g]t[Tjaf6 ;~rfng x'g'k5{. o;sf nflu pkfWoIf kbdf /fli6«o jf cGt/f{li6«o Vofltk|fKt ljsf; lj1, cy{zf:qL jf ;fj{hlgs gLlt ljz]if1nfO{ v'nf k|lt:kwf{af6 lgo'Qm ug]{ Joj:yf pko'Qm x'g]5. o; k|sf/sf] Joj:yfn] /fhgLlts g]t[Tj / Jofj;flos ljz]if1tfaLr ;Gt'ng sfod ug]{5.

# %= ;+u7gfTds ;+/rgf

kl/ifb\sf] d'Vo sfo{ tLgj6f k|d'v ljefudfkm{t ;~rfng x'g]5.

 

s_ cg';Gwfg tyf gjk|jt{g ljefu

of] ljefu kl/ifb\sf] :jfoTt af}l4s s]G›sf ¿kdf /xg]5. jt{dfg gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fgnfO{ o; ljefudf ?kfGt/0f ul/g' kb{5. ljefun] /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ljsf; k|j[lQx¿sf] cWoog, ;fj{hlgs gLltsf] ljZn]if0f, efjL r'gf}tLx¿sf] k"jf{g'dfg tyf bL3{sfnLg /0fgLlts cg';Gwfg ;~rfng ug]{5.

g]kfnn] ;fdgf ul//x]sf cfly{s ¿kfGt/0f, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, /f]huf/L, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, pmhf{ ;'/Iff, l8lh6n cy{tGq, s[lqd af}l4stf, e"–/fhgLlts kl/jt{g tyf hg;f+lVosLo ;+qmd0f h:tf ljifox¿df uxg cWoog o; ljefusf] k|fylds sfo{ x'g]5.

o; ljefun] ljZjljBfnox¿, cg';Gwfg ;+:yfx¿ tyf ljz]if1x¿;Fu ;xsfo{ u/L gLlt lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos 1fg pTkfbg ug]{5. o;/L cg';GwfgnfO{ k|ToIf ¿kdf ;/sf/L lg0f{o k|lqmof;Fu hf]l8g] Joj:yf x'g]5.

v_ of]hgf, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍg ljefu

of] ljefu kl/ifb\sf] sfof{Gjog tyf Joj:yfkg s]G› x'g]5. jt{dfg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]unfO{ o; ljefudf ?kfGt/0f ul/g' kb{5. of] ljefun] /fli6«o ljsf; b[li6kq, bL3{sfnLg of]hgf, cfjlws of]hgf tyf jflif{s ljsf; sfo{qmd tof/ ug]{5. of]hgf lgdf{0fsf qmddf cfly{s ;DefJotf, ;fdflhs k|efj, jftfj/0fLo lbuf]kg tyf If]qut ;Gt'ngnfO{ ljz]if Wofg lbOg]5.

o; ljefun] /fli6«o kl/of]hgf a}+s ;~rfng u/L /fli6«o dxTjsf kl/of]hgfx¿sf] 5gf]6, k|fyldsLs/0f tyf cg'udg ug]{5. k|To]s kl/of]hgfsf] nfut, ;do;Ldf, ck]lIft kl/0ffd tyf hf]lvdsf] :ki6 ljZn]if0f ul/g]5.

of] laefun] cg'udg k|0ffnLnfO{ l8lh6n k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t agfO ;+3, k|b]z tyf :yfgLo txsf kl/of]hgfx¿sf] k|ult jf:tljs ;dodf x]g{ ;lsg] Joj:yf ug{' kg]{]5. d"NofÍg k|0ffnLnfO{ klg ;+:yfut agfO k|To]s k|d'v of]hgf tyf sfo{qmdsf] k|efjsfl/tf dfkg ul/g]5 / To;sf lgisif{ cfufdL of]hgf lgdf{0fdf k|of]u ul/g]5.

 

u_ tYofÍ ljefu

of] ljefu jt{dfg /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{nosf] ¿kfGt/0f x'g]5. ljefun] /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnLsf] g]t[Tj ug]{5 tyf ;/sf/L tYofÍsf] u'0f:t/, ljZj;gLotf / cGt/f{li6«o dfgscg';f/sf] pTkfbg ;'lglZrt ug]{5.

hgu0fgf, cfly{s u0fgf, s[lif u0fgf, >dzlQm ;j]{If0f, ul/aL ;j]{If0f, ;fdflhs ;"rsfÍ tyf cGo /fli6«o tYofÍ sfo{qmdx¿ oxL ljefuaf6 ;~rfng x'g]5g\. ljefun] PsLs[t /fli6«o tYofÍ e08f/ :yfkgf u/L ;a} ;/sf/L lgsfox¿sf tYofÍnfO{ Pp6} k|0ffnLdf cfa4 ug]{5.

o;/L gLlt lgdf{0f, cg';Gwfg tyf of]hgf lgdf{0fsf nflu cfjZos tYo tTsfn pknAw x'g] jftfj/0f l;h{gf x'g]5.

#=^ k|b]z tyf :yfgLo tx;Fu ;DaGw

;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnLsf] ;kmn sfof{Gjogsf nflu kl/ifb\sf] ;+/rgf ;+3Lo txdf dfq ;Lldt x'g' x'Fb}g. k|To]s k|b]zdf k|b]z gLlt tyf of]hgf s]G› :yfkgf ul/g'k5{. oL s]G›x¿n] k|b]z:t/Lo cg';Gwfg, of]hgf lgdf{0f tyf tYofÍ Joj:yfkgsf] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug]{5g\.

To;}u/L k|To]s :yfgLo txdf of]hgf tyf tYofÍ OsfO{ :yfkgf ul/g]5. :yfgLo txaf6 k|fKt tYofÍ tyf ljsf; cfjZostf k|b]z / ;+3Lo k|0ffnL;Fu k|ToIf ¿kdf hf]l8g] Joj:yf ul/g' kb{5.

Of] k|fjwfgaf6 ætnaf6 dflyÆ / ædflyaf6 tnÆ b'j} lbzfdf of]hgf lgdf{0f k|lqmof ;~rfng x'g] jftfj/0f lgdf{0f x'g]5.

# &= dfgj ;+;fwg / ljz]if1tf

kl/ifb\sf] ;kmntf o;sf] hgzlQmsf] u'0f:t/df lge{/ /xg]5. To;}n] k/Dk/fut k|zf;lgs ;+/rgfeGbf aflx/ uO{ ljifout ljz]if1tf, cg';Gwfg Ifdtf tyf ljZn]if0ffTds bIftfnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kb{5.

 

ljZjljBfnosf k|fWofks, cg';Gwfgstf{, lghL If]qsf lj1, cGt/f{li6«o cg'ej ePsf g]kfnL ljz]if1 tyf o'jf cg';Gwfgstf{x¿nfO{ kl/ifb\;Fu cfa4 ul/g] Joj:yf ug{'kb{5. v'nf k|lt:kwf{, s/f/ ;]jf, cg';Gwfg km]nf]l;k tyf ljz]if k/fdz{bftfsf] Joj:yf nfu" ug{ ;lsG5.

o;/L kl/ifb\ ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx¿sf] dfq ;+:yf geO{ /fli6«o af}l4s ;Dkbfsf] ;femf d~rsf ¿kdf ljsl;t x'g]5.

#=* ck]lIft kl/0ffd

/fli6«o gLlt tyf of]hgf kl/ifb\sf] :yfkgfaf6 g]kfndf gLlt lgdf{0f / ljsf; Joj:yfkgdf u'0ffTds kl/jt{g cfpg] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5. ;fj{hlgs gLlt tYo tyf cg';Gwfgdf cfwfl/t x'g]5. ljsf; of]hgfx¿ oyfy{k/s, ljQLo ¿kdf ;DefJo / sfof{Gjogof]Uo aGg]5g\. kl/of]hgfx¿sf] cg'udg / d"NofÍg k|0ffnL k|efjsf/L x'g]5. ;+3Lo txsf tLgj6} ;/sf/aLr ljsf; ;dGjo dha't x'g]5. ;fy}, /fli6«o tYofÍ k|0ffnL ljZj;gLo, cfw'lgs / pkof]ud'vL aGg]5.

bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf o;n] ;fj{hlgs vr{sf] k|efjsfl/tf j[l4, ljsf; kl/0ffddf ;'wf/, ;/sf/L pQ/bfloTj ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf /fli6«o k|lt:kwf{Tdstf clej[l4df dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg]5.

o; ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ / æ/fli6«o gLlt tyf of]hgf kl/ifb\æ sf] :yfkgfaf6 /fHon] ax'cfoflds nfex¿ k|fKt ug]{ b]lvG5, h;nfO{ b]xfoadf]lhd rf/ k|d'v If]qdf juL{s/0f u/]/ ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsG5M

of] k'g;+/rgf nfu" ul/of] eg] d'n'ssf] gLlt lgdf{0f k|lqmofdf JofKt tby{jfbsf] ;d"n cGTo x'g]5. 7f]; cg';Gwfg, :ynut k|df0f / j}1flgs tYofÍdf cfwfl/t eP/ dfq gLltx¿ aGg] x'gfn] ltgLx¿sf] u'0f:t/ / ljZj;gLotf pRr x'g]5. o; Joj:yfn] gLlt lgdf{0f txdf /fhgLlts jf bnut :jfy{sf] k|efjnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug]{5, h;sf sf/0f ;/sf/ kl/jt{g eP klg d'n'ssf] bL3{sfnLg /fli6«o b[li6sf]0f / /0fgLlts of]hgfx¿ k|efljt geO{ lg/Gt/ ¿kdf cl3 a9\g kfpg]5g\.

 

t];}ul/ xfn km/s–km/s cl:tTjdf /x]sf tLgj6f ;+:yfx¿nfO{ Pp6} 5ftfd'lg PsLs[t ubf{ ljut nfdf] ;dob]lv b]lvFb} cfPsf] ;+:yfut bf]xf]/f]kg / If]qflwsf/sf] ljjfb ;bfsf nflu cGTo x'g]5. o;af6 /fHonfO{ kg]{ 7"nf] k|zf;lgs / Joj:yfksLo vr{df s6f}tL eO{ cfly{s art x'g]5. ;fy}, ;"rgf / lg0f{osf k|lqmofx¿ Pp6} ;+/rgfleq ;~rflnt x'g] x'gfn] cGt/–lgsfo ;dGjodf ;'wf/ cfpg]5 / k|zf;lgs lg0f{o k|lqmof l56f]5l/tf] aGg]5.

kl/ifb\cGtu{t Úk|f]h]S6 a}+sÚ sf] j}1flgs Pj+ k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog x'g] x'gfn] xr'jfsf e/df of]hgf 5gf]6 ug]{ k|j[lQsf] cGTo x'g]5. o;n] ubf{ /fli6«o uf}/j / /0fgLlts dxQ\jsf cfof]hgfx¿ ;dod} / u'0f:t/Lo ¿kdf ;DkGg x'g] jftfj/0f aGg]5. Úl/on–6fOdÚ -jf:tljs ;do_ sf] cfw'lgs cg'udg k|0ffnLn] ubf{ cfof]hgfx¿df x'g] l9nf;':tL / ah]6sf] b'¿kof]u /f]lsg]5 eg] glthfd'vL d"NofÍg kl/kf6Ldfkm{t /fHosf] k'FhLut vr{ / ah]6sf] pkof]lutf clwstd a9fpg d2t k'Ug]5.

;+3Lotfsf] jf:tljs dd{ cg'¿k o; kl/ifb\n] ;+3, k|b]z / :yfgLo txsf ljsf; k|fyldstfx¿aLr alnof] ;fË7lgs tfbfTDotf / Ps¿ktf sfod ug]{5. tLgj6} txdf PsLs[t of]hgf k|0ffnL nfu" x'Fbf ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;dGoflos ljt/0f ;Dej x'g]5. ;fy}, tNnf] txaf6} ;+sng x'g] ljZj;gLo tYo / 8]6fsf cfwf/df cGt/;/sf/L ;dGjo / k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] afF8kmfF6 x'g] x'gfn] txut ;/sf/x¿aLr x'g;Sg] ljjfbx¿ Go"g x'Fb} hfg]5g\ / ;+3Lo zf;g k|0ffnL yk ;'b[9 aGg]5.

$ lgisif{

g]kfnsf] ljsf; k|zf;gnfO{ OSsfO;f}F ztfAbLsf r'gf}tL / cj;/ cg's"n ¿kfGt/0f ug{ s]jn /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]usf] cf+lzs ;'wf/ kof{Kt x'b}g. cg';Gwfg, tYofÍ, of]hgf, cg'udg tyf d"NofÍgnfO{ PsLs[t ug]{ Jofks ;+:yfut ;'wf/ cfjZos 5. jt{dfg /fli6«o of]hgf cfof]u, gLlt cg';Gwfg k|lti7fg tyf /fli6«o tYofÍ sfof{nonfO{ PsLs[t u/L k"0f{ :jfoQ /fli6«o gLlt tyf of]hgf kl/ifb :yfkgf ug{' ToxL lbzfdf Ps b"/bzL{ / ;+/rgfTds ;'wf/ x'g]5. o;n] g]kfndf 1fg–cfwfl/t, k|df0fd'vL, pQ/bfoL tyf kl/0ffdd'vL ljsf; zf;g k|0ffnLsf] cfwf/lznf lgdf{0f ug]{5.