lbuf] lasf;df cg';Gwfgsf] e'ldsf / g]kfndf  sdhf]/ a'emfO{

                                                                       8f=lji0f' /fh pk|]tL

!_ kl/a]zM

lbuf] lasf;sf] cjwf/0ff g} lasf;sf] dfWodaf6 jt{dfgsf] cfjZostf k"/f ubf{ cfpg] k':tfsf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug]{ Ifdtf s'l07t x'g' x'b}g -Jouda and Maysara, 2022_ cyf{t efjL k':tfsf] cfjZostf ;'lglZrt x'g] u/L jf k|s[ltsf l;ldt >f]tx?sf] pkof]u ubf{ Gofo ;+ut / glas/0fLo ?kaf6 ul/g' kb{5 eGg] xf] .  

;+o'Qm /fi6« ;+3sf] !(&@ df :6sxf]ddf ePsf] “lasf; / jftfj/0f” ;DalGw ax; kl5 of] dfGotfdf yk sfd eO{ !(*& df k|sflzt “a|'G6Nof08 sldzg l/kf]6{” n] rfFxL k|i6 ?kdf “lbuf] lasf;”sf] cjwf/0ff Nofof] . To;kl5 lbuf] lasf;sf] ;}4flGts cjwf/0ff Aofks / rlr{t aGb} uof] .

o;} ;}4flGts dfGotfsf] cfwf/df ;+;f/e/sf laleGg ;/sf/x?n] cfˆgf] b]zdf “lbuf] lasf;”sf] dfGotf cg'ksf] cjwf/0ff, gLlt, /0fgLlt, of]hgf / sfo{s|dx? to ug{ yfn] . To;}ul/ bft[ lgsfo / lasf; ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?n] klg olx “lbuf] lasf;”sf] dfGotfsf] cfwf/df cfˆgf lasf; ;xfotf /0fgLlt to u/L lasf; ;xfotf ;xof]u ug{ yfn] . otf ;/sf/L / u}x| ;/sf/L If]qaf6 lasf; sfo{df ;+nUg ;a}n] olx “lbuf] lasf;”sf] 9fFrf, dfGotf cg'?k sfd ug{ yfn] .

@_ clxn] e}/x]sf] lasf; “lbuf] lasf;”sf] dfGotf cg'?k eO{ /x]5 t <

a|'G6Nof08 sldzg l/kf]6 k|sflzt ePb]lv clxn];Dd nueu $) aif{ “lbuf] lasf;”sf] dfGotf af6 sfd ubf{ pQm nIo cg'?k sfd ul//x]sf] eg]/ t ;/sf/L / u}x| ;/sf/L If]qaf6 lasf; sfo{df nfu]sf] x?n] elg/x]s} 5g\ . o;} dfGotfsf k|ltj]bgx? Kflg k|sflzt eO{/x]s} 5g\\ . t/ oxfF ;w} /lx/xg] d"n k|Zg xf] clxn];Dd ;/sf/L txaf6 lgdf{0f ePsf gLlt / /0fgLltx?, lasf; of]hgfx? / u}x| ;/sf/L If]qaf6 ul/Psf lasf;sf sfdx? “lbuf] lasf;”sf] dd{cg';f/ lbuf] x'g ls xf]O{gg\, clxn] eO{/x]sf] lasf;sf 9fFrf, z}nL cEof; lbuf] lasf;sf] dfGotfaf6 x]bf{ ;lx 5g\ ls 5}gg\, clxn] xfdLn] ul//x]sf cEof;x?n] ef]nLsf] k':tfsf] cfjZostf kl/k"lt{ ug]{ ;f]r / Aofaxf/sf ;fy sfof{Gjog ePsf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ . oL / o:tf y'k|} k|Zgx?sf] pQ/ vf]Hg] s;n] xf] t <

s] s'g} dGqLn] jf ;lran] jf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tn] xfdLn] lasf;sf] lbuf] x'g] u/L sfd u/]sf 5f} eGb}df lt sfdx? “lbuf] lasf;”sf] dd{cg';f/ g} ePsf x'g t < clxn] cEof; /x]sf lasf; gLlt, /0fgLltx? / lasf; of]hgfx? “lbuf] lasf;”sf] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ g} l7s tl/sfn] rln/x]sf 5g\ t < ls kl/dfh{g of]Uo 5g\ < ls lg/Gt/tf lbg} gx'g] txsf 5g\ < oL k|Zgsf pQ/x?sf] nflu t laZj;gLo cfwf/, k|df0f / tYox?sf] cfjZos kb{5 . o:tf laZj;gLo k|df0f, tYo / cfwf/sf >f]tx? eg]sf] g} cg';Gwfg xf] . ls t “lbuf] lasf;”sf] cjwf/0ffsf] sfof{Gjogsf] d"Nof+sg ug]{ vf; p2]Zon] lalw;Ddt ;DkGg ul/Psf d"Nof+sg k|lta]bgx? xf] . ls t ;xefuLtfd"ns ?kdf lt lasf; kl/of]hgf;Fu ;Da4 k|ToIf ;/f]sf/jfnfsf jf nfebfoLx?sf cg'ejx?sf] cjnf]sg jf ef]ufO{af6 cfPsf cg'ejhGo k|df0fx? g} x'g . oL ;a} eg]sf km]l/ cg';Gwfgs} cleGg c+ux? x'g . cj k|Zg p75 s] g]kfnsf] lasf; ultlawLx? “lbuf] lasf;”sf] cjwf/0ffd}qL ?kdf ;+rflnt ePsf 5g\ t < ;+rflnt ePsf x'g klg ;S5g\, gx'g klg ;S5g . t/ o;sf] Plsg k'li6 eg] cg';Gwfgaf6 cfPsf k|dfl0fs cfwf/, k|df0f / tYox?n] dfq ug{ ;S5g\ .

#_ cg';Gwfg / lasf;sf] cGt;{DaGwM

;+;f/e/ :yflkt dfGotf s] xf] eg] cg';Gwfg / lasf; cToGt cGt;{DalGwt / Ps cfk;df kl/k'/s ;d]t 5g\ -Upreti, 2012; Upreti et. al., 2012_ . lasf;sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ gofF cjwf/0ff, gofF 1fg / o:tf] gofF cjwf/0ff / 1fg sfof{Gjogdf n}hfg rflxg] lawL, pks/0f / k|lalwx? cg';Gwfgn] lbG5 eg] lasf;n] cg';Gwfgaf6 k|dfl0ft eP/ cfPsf gofF cjwf/0ff / gofF 1fgsf] sfof{Gjog lasf;n] ub{5 . ul/g' kb{5 . clg lasf; sfo{s|d dfkm{t cEof;df cfPkl5 lt cjwf/0ff, 1fg / k|lalwx? pkof]uL eP ls ePg eg]/ lasf;n] cg';GwfgnfO{ k[i7kf]if0f lbG5 / lt k[i7kf]if0fsf] cfwf/df k'g cg';Gwfg u/L yk kl/:s[t ug]{ sfd cg';Gwfgn] ub{5 .

oxfF lasf; / cg';GwfgnfO{ hf]8\g] k'n eg]sf] hgtf cyjf nfeu|fxL x'g . lo nfeu|fxLsf] lasf; / cg';Gwfg ;fd'lxs ;s[o ;+nUgtfnfO{ hg;xefuLtf elgG5 . oxL ;xefuLtfsf] cjwf/0ff lasf;df hf]l8bf …;xefuLtfd"ns lasf;Ú / cg';Gwfgdf hf]l8bf …;xefuLtfd"ns cg';GwfgÚ elgG5 . of] ;xefuLtfd"ns cg';Gwfgsf] cjwf/0ff / o;sf] lasf;;Fu ;DaGw hf]8\g] ;zQm sfd rfFxL /j{6 RofDa/ gfdsf k|Wofksn] u/]+ . oxL sfddf pgn] bh{gf} k':tsx? n]vL /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o ax;df NofP (Chambers, 1980; 1988 and 1999) . 1fg a'emfO{sf] nflu xf] eGg] ;dfhzf:qLo dfGotf / 1fg a'‰gsf] nflu / a'emfO{ ;'wf/sf] nflu -knowledge for Understanding and understanding for Improvement_ eGg] Aojxf/afbL 1fg k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t eO{ !(() b]lv nueu ! bzs g]b/Nof08sf] jfu]gx]ug laZjlaBfnosf ;dfhzf:qsf] VoftL k|fKt k|Wofks gd{g nË (Long, 1989; Long and Long, 1992; Long and Van der Ploeg, 1989) / ;f]xL laZjlaBfnosf 1fg k|0ffnLsf rlr{t k|Wofks lgN; /f]lnË (Roling and Maarleveld, 1999; Röling, 1996, 1997 and 2000; Roling and Wagemakers, 1998; Röling and Jiggins 1998) lar 7"nf] a}rfl/s ax; dfq u/]gg\, ! bh{g cg';Gwfgstf{x?nfO{ oxL ax;df ;l/s u/fO{ laBfafl/wL txsf] cg';Gwfg u/fP[1] / bh{g al9 k':ts / cGt/f{li6«o hg{ndf n]v k|sfzg u/] . of] ax; Tolta]nf lo b'a} lawfsf laZje/sf k|Wofks / cg';Gwfgstf{x? lar Aofks ax; rn]sf] lyof] .

of] ax;sf] r'/f] g} cg';Gwfgdfkm{t ;[hgf x'g] 1fg lasf;sf] dfWodaf6 ;dfh kl/at{gdf, ;Da[l4 xfl;n ug]{ ;jfn;Fu s]lGb|t lyof] . t/ g t k|fl1s txdf g t gLlt lgdf{0fsf] txdf olt dxTjk"0f{ laifon] k|fyldstf kfPg .

lasf;sf] ;Gbe{df oxfF pNn]v ePsf] cg';Gwfg cfwf/e"t, ;}4flGts / cjwf/0ff g} pN6ofpg] vfnsf] geO{ /fHon] gful/ssf] lxtsf] nflu ;~rfng u/]sf ultlalwx? Hf;n] gful/ssf b}glGbg ;d:ofsf] ;Daf]wg pgLx?sf ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ef}lts k|ultsf] p2]Zon] ;~rflnt /fHosf]ifaf6 7"nf–;fgf kl/of]hgf, ;]jf k|jfxnfO{ O+lst ul/Psf] xf] . lasf;sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 cg';GwfgnfO{ s_ ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug]{ -Action Research or solution oriented research), v_ ;d:of s]lGb|t u'0ffTds cg';Gwfg jf dfqfTds cg';Gwfg, u_ gofF ;/n lalw / k|s[of s]lGb|t cg';Gwfg, 3_ l56f] kl/0ffd lbg] cg';Gwfg cfbL ;d'xdf klg auL{s[t ug{ ;lsG5 .

#_ :yfgLo ;/sf/ / cg';Gwfgsf] a'emfO{M

clxn]sf] ;+lawfgn] :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ ;+a}wflgs klxrfg dfq x}g lasf;sf] cfwf/e"t lhDdf g} lbPsf] 5 . ;+lawfgsf] cg';"lr * df pNn]lvt @@ j6f clwsf/x? ;+lawfgsf] wf/fx? %&, @!$, @@! / @@^ sfof{Gjog;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . ;fy} :yfgLo ;/sf/;Fu ;+3 / k|b]z;Fu ldn]/ ug]{ ;femf clwsf/ klg 5g\ . lo ;a} clwsf/x?sf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjog ug{ cg';Gwfg ckl/xfo{ 5 . t/ :yfgLo ;/sf/ / vf;u/L ToxfFsf k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[tx? cg';GwfgnfO{ a]jf:tf ug]{ dfq geO{ o;sf] cf}lrTo g} gePsf] jsfnt ;d]t ug]{ /x]5g\ . ptf km]l/ ;+3Lo k|0ffnLdf ;+3Lo ;+/rgf -;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\ / lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no_ / :yfgLo ;+/rgfsf clwsf/L -kflnsfsf k|d'v k|zf;sLo clws[tx?_ af6 ;d]t Pp6} cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgf l:js[tL lng' kg]{ / o:tf l:js[tLdf ;xhLs/0f ug]{ eGbf b'Mv lbg] z}lnsf sf/0f cg';Gwfgstf{x?n] ;dodf cg';Gwfgsf] dd{ cg';f/ cg';Gwfg ug{ t nueu c;Dej g} /x]5 .

of] n]vsn] :yfgLo ;/sf/ ;+rfng P]]g @)!& sfof{Gjogdf cfPkl5 nueu ;oj6f hlt kflnsfx?n] u/]sf] lasf;sf] sfd, lo sfd ubf{ pkof]u u/]sf 1fgsf >f]t / cg';Gwfgsf kl/0ffdx?sf] cjnf]sg u/]sf] lyof] . ;fy} !* j6f kflnsfdf d}n] lgDg # j6f cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgfx?df  cg';Gwfg ubf{ cToGt leGg / vNnf] cg'ej u/] .

§  Women, Violence and Displacement in Myanmar and Nepal (Ghale et. al., 2021)

§  Widening collective understanding of role of Judicial Committee of local government: building capacity for ensuring rule of law in Nepal -pk|]tL, @)*!_ /

§  "Transformation of Waste Management Practices and Policies in South Asia during and After the Covid–19 Pandemic: Impact on Gender Equality & Sustainability" (Ghale et. al., 2023).

oL # j6f cg';Gwfgdf sfd ubf{ d}n] ;DalGwt k|zf;lgs sd{rf/Lx?af6 cg';Gwfgx?stf{ k|lt cgf}7f, c;xof]uL / s;}–s;}n] t b'Aof{axf/ / cToGt s|'/ Aofaxf/ u/]sf] kfP . w]/}sf] eg] cg';Gwfg k|lt c1fgtf t/ Aofjxf/df eg] ;flngtf g} kfP . of] ef]ufO{af6 Pp6f 68\sf/f] k|Zg p7]sf] 5 . Tof] xf] k|zf;lgs k[i7e'ldsf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lx?n] lsg cg';Gwfg dg k/fpb}gg < of] k|Zgsf] ;DefJo pQ/x? tNnf] v08df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

$= ;/sf/L k|zf;lgs k[i7e'ldsf AolQmx?n] lsg dg gk/fpb}gg cg';Gwfg

clxn] g]kfndf k|zf;lgs cj/f]wsf sf/0f :jfoQ tl/sfn] cg';Gwfgsf] dfGotf, l;4fGt / lalw cg'?k cg';Gwfg ug{ cToGt sl7g 5 lsgsL :yfgLo k|zf;g, ;dfh sNof0f kl/ifb\ / :yfgLo ;/sf/sf k|fawfgx? laz'4 lasf; sfo{ s]lGb|t 5g\ / To;df klg k|zf;gsf sd{rf/Lx? gsf/fTds r]tsf x'Fbf t cg';Gwfg olt sl7g x'Fbf] /x]5 ls of] sfo{ ug{ g} c;Dej . d}n] o'/f]k, Pl;of, clk|msf / Nofl6g cd]l/sf, pQ/ cd]l/sfsf $) eGbf al9 b]zdf cg';Gwfg ubf{ gef]u]sf] sl7gfO{ cfˆg} b]zsf] Pp6f gu/kflnsfsf] k|d'v sfo{sf/L clws[taf6 ef]Ug' kof]{ . lsg cg';Gwfg k|lt g]kfnL k|zf;sx? olt lalw gsf/fTds x'G5g\ lsg pgLx? cfˆgf] bfloTj / lhDd]jf/L cg'?k sfd gu/L ;]jfu|fxL -oxfF cg';Gwfgstf{_ / cg';Gwfg k|lt olt lalw lk8s aG5g\ eGg] ulx/f] laZn]if0f ubf{ lgDg sf/0f k|d'v b]lvPM

!_ cg';Gwfgaf/] cfwf/e"t 1fgsf] sdL jf a'emfO{sf] l;ldttfn],

@_ cg';Gwfgsf ;'emfj sfof{Gjog ug{ / kl/0ffd b]vfpg nfdf] ;do nfUg] eP/,

#_ cg';Gwfgsf ;'emfj sfof{Gjog ubf{ cfkm'n] rfx] h:tf] ug{ gkfO{g] eP/,

$_ pgLx?sf k|fyldstf leGg eP/,

%_ cg';Gwfgsf] k|lta]bgsf] efiff -hl6n, k|flalws_ eP/,

^_ pgLx? b}lgs ;d:ofdf s]lGb|t ultlalwdf al9 s]lGb|t x'g] eP/

&_ kbLo cx+sf/ / k/ lk8s dgf]a[QL eP/,

*_ l;w} sfof{Gjogdf cfpg] Aojxfl/s l;kmfl/; geP/,

(_ pgLx?n] rfx] h:tf] jf vf]h] h:tf] kl/0ffd gkfP/,

!)_ pgLx?sf] d"n rfxgf lakl/t kl/0ffd cfpFbf cK7]/f] kg]{ eP/,

!!_ pgLx?;Fusf] ;/;Nnfxdf cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf klxrfg geP/

!@_ cg';Gwfgstf{ k|lt unt a'emfO{, unt hfgsf/L eP/

!#_ lxgtfaf]w eP/,

!$_ ;f}bfafhL u/L gLlh nfe lng leqL dg;fo eP/,

!%_ kbLo /jfkm / zlQm k|bz{gsf] cfsf+Iffsf] sf/0fn],

!^_ u}x| ;/sf/L If]qsf] sfd k|lt unt / gsf/fTds a'emfO{ eP/ .

%_ cg';GwfgnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg'kg]{ cfjZostfM

g]kfndf gLlt lgdf{tf / k|zf;sx?n] cg';Gwfgsf] dxTj ga'em]sf] dfq xf]O{g a'‰g g} grfx]sf] b]lvof] . t/ ha ;Dd /fi6«n] cg';Gwfg ;DalGw /fli6«o gLlt agfO{ Tof] gLlt sfof{Gjog ug{ cfjZos kg]{ 5'§} sfg"g, ;+:yfut ;+/rgf, >f]t / hgzlQmsf] Aoj:yf ub}{g Tof] a]nf;Dd g cg';Gwfg ug{ Aojxfl/s ?kdf ;xh 5 g o;n] lbuf] lasf;nfO{ cy{k"0f{ of]ubfg ug{ ;S5 .

clxn] lasl;t / b|'t/t cfly{s lasf; ul//x]sf b]zx?n] s'n /fli6«o u|fx:y cfosf] vf; efu cg';Gwfgdf 5'6\ofPsf]n] g} cg';Gwfgn] b|'t/t cfly{s lasf;nfO{{ dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf] 5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu ef/tsf] gLlt cfof]u, laZj a}+ssf] tYof+s nufotn] pNn]v u/] cg';f/ Oh/fonn] s'n u|fx:y pTkfbgsf] ^=#Ü, blIf0f sf]l/ofn] %Ü, tfO{jfgn] $Ü, l:j8]gn] #=^Ü, cd]l/sf / hfkfgn] #=$Ü, a]lNhod, l:jh/Nof08 / ci6«]lnofn] #=#Ü, hd{gLn] #=!Ü / rLgn] @=^*Ü cg';Gwfgdf vr{ u5{g . t/ g]kfnn] eg] s]jn )=#Ü eGbf sd ub{5 / of] klg k/fdz{ ;]jfd} al9 vr{ ePsf] 5 . o;/L Psftkm{ cg';Gwfgdf nufgL sd, csf]{ tkm{ gLlt lgdf{tfx? cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf af/] a]va/ / k|zf;sx? cg';Gwfg k|lt gsf/fTds ePkl5 g]kfndf cg';Gwfg km:6fpg] cj:yf g/xg] g} eof] . kl/0ffdt cg';Gwfgn] lbuf] lasf;df lbg'kg]{ of]ubfg klg lbg g;ls xfd|f lasf; kl/of]hgfx? ;d]t c;kmntf lt/ hfg] cj:yf ;[hgf eO{/x]sf] 5 .

%_ lgZsif{M

/fHon] clxn];Dd cg';GwfgnfO{ lasf;sf] cleGg c+u gdfg]sf] sf/0f cg';Gwfgn] lasf;nfO{ d2t ug]{ cj:yf sdhf]/ 5 . olb b]zn] lbuf] lasf;sf nIo xfl;n ug]{ / b]znfO{ ;d[4 agfpg] xf] eg] cg';Gwfgdf cf}lrTok"0f{ nufgL, gLlt lgdf{tfnfO{ cg';Gwfgsf] cfjZostf af/] /fd|f] ;r]ttf, cg';Gwfg gLlt / P]g Nofpg] tyf k|zf;sx?sf] k~hfaf6 cg';GwfgnfO{ d'Qm ug'{ cfjZos 5 .

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|LM

1.       Chambers R. (1988). Managing canal irrigation: Practical analysis from South Asia. New Delhi: Oxford University Press.

2.       Chambers R. (1999). Relaxed and participatory appraisal: notes on practical approaches and methods. Sussex: Institute of Development Studies.

3.       Chambers, R. (1980). Rapid rural appraisal: rationale and repertoire. Sussex: Institute of Development Studies. Report. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12413/865 

4.       Glale Y., Subedi B. P. and Upreti B. R. (2023). Municipal Solid Waste Management: A survey study of Kirtipur Municipality of Nepal. Kathmandu: Nepal Centre for Contemporary Research (NCCR).

5.       Ghale, Y. Upreti, B.R. and Bradley, T. (2021). Violence against women in politics in Nepal, Kathmandu: NCCR.

6.       Jouda H. M. K. and Maysara D. F.F. (2022). The Role of scientific research on sustainable development into organizations.  SSRN Electronic Journal. January 2022 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4233050

7.       Long N. (ed.) (1989). Encounters at the interface: A perspective on social discontinuities in rural development. Wageningen Studies in Sociology-27. Wageningen Agricultural University.

8.       Long N. and A. Long (eds.) (1992). Battlefield of knowledge, the interlocking of theory and practices of social research and development. London: Routledge.

9.       Long N. and J. D. Van der Ploeg. (1989). Demythologising planned intervention. Sociologia Ruralis. 29 (3/4): 226-249.

10.   Roling N. and M. Maarleveld, (1999). Facing strategic narratives: An argument for interactive effectiveness. Journal of Agriculture and Human Value. 16: 295-308.

11.   Röling N. (1996). Creating human platforms to manage natural resources: First results of research programme. In: Budelman, A. (Ee.) Agricultural R&D at the crossroads. Managing systems research and social actor approaches. The Hague: Royal Tropical Institute.

12.   Röling N. (1997). The soft side of Land. ITC Journal, No 3 and 4, Special congress issue. Pp. 248-262.

13.   Roling N. and A. Wagemakers (eds.) (1998). Facilitating sustainable agriculture. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

14.   Röling N. and J. Jiggins (1998). The Ecological knowledge system. Chapter 16 In: Röling, N. and A. Wagemakers (eds.) Facilitating sustainable agriculture: Participatory learning and adaptive management in times of environmental uncertainties. Cambridge University Press. Pp. 283-307.

15.   Roling, N. (2000). Gateway to the global garden: Beta/Gamma science for dealing with ecological rationality. Eighth Annual Hopper Lecture October 24,200. University of Guelph, Canada.

16.   Upreti BR (2012). Research for development: Concepts and orientation. Kathmandu: NCCR North-South, South Asia Coordination Office (SAS).

17.   Upreti B.R., Zimmermann A. B., Debele, B. and Cisse G. (2012), Partnerships in development-oriented research: Lessons learnt and challenges ahead. Kathmandu: South Asia Regional Coordination Office of the Swiss National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR North-South).

18.   pk|]tL, lai0f' /fh . @)*! . g]kfndf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf Goflos ;ldltsf ef]ufO / l;sfO . sf7df8f}FM b'uf{–zfGtf ;fdflhs ljsf; ;dfh .

 

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