o'4 ko{6g / 3n]ufpFsf] ko{6gdf ;z:q åGåsf] k|efj
8f=lji0f'
/fh pk|]tL
!= o'4 ko{6g s] xf] <
o'4 ko{6g
eGgfn] ;s[o o'4 jf ;z:q åGåsf] ;dodf jf ;s[o o'4 / ;z:q åGåsf] cGTokl5
ko{6sx?n] ;z:q åGå :yn jf o'4:ynsf] e|d0f / cjnf]sg ug]{ cEof;nfO{ a'lemG5 .
o:tf e|d0fx? d"ntM vf; o'4 jf ;z:q åGå ePsf If]qx? -Aof6nlkmN8_, o'4 :df/sx?
-jf/ d]df]l/on\;_, ;z:q åGå / o'4df
dfl/Psf dflg;sf ;fd'lxs lrxfgx? -l;d]l6«h\_, o'4 ;+u|xfnox? -Do'lhod_, o'4 jf ;z:q
åGå ;DalGw aGbLx? ckx/0f ul/ jf ks|fp ul/ /flvPsf lzla/ / h]nx?, Ps}rf]6L 7"nf]
;+Vofdf jf clt aa{/ tl/sfn] dflg; dfl/Psf] :yfgx? / pgLx?sf] ;Demgfdf agfO{Psf
:df/sx? / kfs{x? kb{5g\ .
;z:q åGå / o'4n] k|tfl8t w]/} b]zx?n] lautsf] Oltxf;
sfod /fVg, o:tf ultlawL elaiodf bf]xf]l/g glbg clg kf7 l;Sgsf nflu / cfpg]
k':tfnfO{ cfˆgf] b]zsf] ;z:q åGå / o'4sf] hh{/ lautaf/] Oltxf; a'emfpg o:tf ;+/rgfx?sf]
lgdf{0f, Aoj:yfkg, ;+/If0f / ko{6g s]Gb|sf] ?kdf k|a4{g u/]sf x'G5g\ eg] sltko
b]zx?df o'4/t kIflar ;Demf}tf x'Fbf g} zflGtsf] nflu o:tf ;+/rgf jf ;+:yfx?
lgdf{0f ul/Psf] x'G5 .
laZjsf]
;a}eGbf al9 o'4 ko{6ssf] e|d0f ePsf o'4 :df/sx?df kf]Nof08sf] cf];pOl;d -Oswiecim_,
k"a{ gfhL sG;G6«];g SofDk, cf};pOr -Auschwitz_, jfl;+u6gl:yt leotgfd e]6«fg
d]df]l/on, bf]>f] laZjo'4 d]df]l/on, xjfO{sf] kn{xfj{/, k|mfG;sf] ;f]d] -Somme_,
hfkfgsf] lx/f]l;df lk; d]df]l/on kfs{ / gfuf;fsL lk; kfs{, leotgfdsf] x'O{ -Hue_,
kf]Nof08sf] jf;f{ ck/fO{{lhË d]df]l/on, 6sL{sf] ufnLkf]nL k]g]G;'nf, b'O{
sf]l/of aLrsf] sf]l/og l8ldln6/fO{H8 hf]g -DMZ_, sDaf]l8ofsf] lslnË lkmN8, ?jf08fsf] lsufnL
d]df]l/onx? k|d'v 5g\ .
laut #)
aif{sf 7"nf åGåx?df ?jf08f cfd g/;+xf/ -clk|n–h'nfO{ !(($_, s+uf]df
bf]>f] k6s ePsf] o'4 -!((*–@))#_, l;l/ofsf] l;len jf/ -@)!%–@)@)_, 8fkmf]/
-@))#–@))*_, O/fs o'4 -@))(–@)!)_, ckmufg o'4 -@))(–@)!^_, l;l/ofn] af]sf]x/fd
O:nflds ldln6\of08 u'|k la?4 rnfPsf] o'4 -@))(–@)!^_, odgsf] l;len jf/
-@)!$–@)!^_, g]kfnsf] ;z:q o'4 -!((^–@))^_, >Ln+sfsf] o'4 -!(*#–@))(_, blIf0f
k"aL{ ef/tsf /fHox?df ePsf] hftLo åGåx? k|d'v dWo]df kb{5g\ .
ha ;s[o
åGå cGTo x'G5 To;kl5 g} oyfy{df o'4 ko{6g, åGå ko{6g, zflGt k|a4{g ko{6g z'?
x'g] ;+;f/s} cEof; xf] . åGå kZrft\ agfO{g]÷agfO{Psf :df/sx? -df]g'd]06_,
lrxfgx? -l;d]l6«h\_, ;+u|xfno -Do'lhod_, 7"nf 7"nf n8fO{÷o'4 ePsf
ef}uf]lns If]qx? -Aof6nlkmN8_, a+s/ / ;'?Ëx? -6g]n_ x]g]{ rfxgf ePsf ko{6sx?
o:tf If]qdf hfG5g\ / cjnf]sg, cWoog ub{5g\ .
@= ;z:q åGå / ko{6gsf] ;DaGwM
cfd
g/;+xf/ -lhgf];fO{8_, 7"nf o'4 / ;z:q åGåx?n] h'g;'s} If]qnfO{ leGg leGg k|sf/n]
c;/ ul//x]sf x'G5g\ . o:t} If]qx? dWo] Ps xf] ko{6g If]q h;nfO{ lx+;f, o'4 /
åGåx?n] ulx/f] gsf/fTds t kf/]sf] x'G5 g} t/ ko{6g If]qdf o'4 ko{6gsf] dfWodaf6
gofF vfnsf] cj;/ klg lbPsf] x'G5 .
åGåsf]
;dodf ko{6g, gLlh If]qsf] zflGt :yfkgfdf e'ldsf h:tf] ;jfndf d]/f] g]t[Tjdf
-y'k|} cg';Gwfgstf{ / laBfafl/wLsf laBfyL{x?n] >Ln+sf, ef/tsf blIf0f
k"aL{ ;ft /fHox? -c5fd, dl0fk'/, d]3fno, ldhf]/d, c?0ffrn, gfufn}08 /
lqk'/f_ / g]kfndf cWoog ul/Psf lyP . lo ltg} b]zx?df åGån] ko{6g If]q -vf;u/L
u|fld0f If]q_ df w]/} gsf/fTds c;/ u/]sf], gLlh If]qn] åGå/t b]zdf zflGt :yfkgf
/ k|a4{gdf ug{ ;Sg] hlt of]ubfg gu/]sf], åGåsf] cGTokl5 ko{6sx? lgs} a9\g] /
o:tf ko{6sx? dWo] clwsfFz o'4–ko{6sx? /xg] u/]sf] kfO{{Psf] lyof] .
g]kfndf
o'4sf] ;dodf cfpg] lab]zL ko{6s eg]sf] /fhwfgLdf vf; ld;g ;lxt cfO{ 5f]6f] ;do
a;]/ kms{g] dfq lyP eg] s]xL lab]zL kqsf/x? dfq o'4:ynd} /x]/ l/kf]6{ ul//x]sf
lyP .
#= g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]afbL_sf] ;z:q åGåM
g]skf
-dfcf]jfbL_[1]n] la=;+= @)%@ ;fndf z'? u/]sf]
;z:q åGån] @)^# ;fnsf] zflGt ;Demf}tf ubf{;Dd tTsflng zflGt tyf k'glgdf{0f
dGqfnosf] tYof+s cg';f/ dfcf]afbL ;z:q åGåsf] kl/0ffd :j?k !&,**^ hgfn]
Hofg u'dfpg' k/]sf], !,%#) hgf a]kQf, &,(%&! hgf cfGtl/s ?kdf la:yflkt,
#,!$@ hgfsf] ckx/0f, *,(#% hgf czQm, ( xhf/ dlxnf lawjf, ^@) hgf 6'x'/f agfPsf]
/ !&,$*$ hgfsf] ;DklQ sAhf ul/Psf] lyof] (MoPR, 2011). of]
tYof+skl5 ;To lg?k0f tyf d]nldnfk cfof]u / a]kQf kfl/Psf AolQmsf] 5fglag cfof]u
ag]kl5 ToxfF k/]sf ph'/Lsf] cfwf/df c? ;+Vof a9]sf] b]lvG5 . of] åGån] b]zsf]
cfly{s / ;fdflhs ljsf; g} cj?4 u¥of] . of] åGån] g]kfndf caf}{+ ¿k}ofFsf]
wg;DklQ gf]S;fg eof] / ;dfhdf c;'/Iff, qf;, dfgjclwsf/ xgg\ JofKt e} lautdf
sfod /x]sf] ;fdflhs ;DaGw klg vnaNofOlbof] -pk|]tL, @)&!s,v,u_.
kf]v/fsf] ko{6g Aofa;fonfO{ klg dfcf]afbL ;z:q åGån] c:tAo:t agfO{lbof] (Upreti et al.,
2o13) .
dfcf]afbL
;z:q åGån] ulx/f] k|efj kf/]sf lhNnfx?dWo] ndh'Ë klg k|d'v xf] . ndh'Ëdf
dfcf]afbL ;z:q åGåsf] ;dodf pgLx?n] km/s cf:yf /fv]s} sf/0f ToxfFsf hgk|ltlgwL
ltns/fh kf08] -k/]jf8fF8f_, lzIfsx? d'lQmgfy clwsf/L -b'/f8fF8f_, v';L/fd
Gof}kfg] -ljrf}/_, nf]s/fh clwsf/L -pbLk'/_, ch'{g l3ld/] -enfofvs{_ / c? bnsf
sfo{stf{x? dg axfb'/ tfdfË -Onfd kfv]/L_, /fhs'df/ l/dfn -r08L:yfg_, df]xgl;+
l3ld/] -Ozfg]Zj/_, u0f]z lrnjfn -3ldlnsjf, xTof sf7df8f}+_, gGbh+u u'?Ë
-e'h'Ë_, 7fs'/ k|;fb Gof}kfg] -ljrf}/_, /fdaxfb'/ v8\sf -xf8]6f/_, s]bf/gfy
l3ld/] -lr;+s'_, ?b|/fh sF8]n -cNsf6f/_, OGb| axfb'/ l/dfn -r08L:yfg_,
>Lk|;fb u'?Ë -kfrf]s_, ;'o{ k|;fb l3ld/] -Ozfg]Zj/_, dbg lai6 -lrlt_, ;Gt
axfb'/ la=s= -lrlt_, d's'Gb Gof}kfg] -jf]/fË_ nufotsf] xTof ePsf] /x]5 -3n],
@)*)_ . kl/0ffdtM ndh'Ë lhNnf g} sxfnLnfUbf] qf;bLaf6 u'h|g' k/]sf]n] of] lhNnfsf]
u|fdL0f ko{6gdf 7"nf] gs/fTds k|efj kl/ cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f cfof]hgfn]
k|a4{g ub}{ cfPsf] u|fdL0f ko{6gsf ultlawLx? g/fd|f];+u k|efljt eof] . o:tf]
cj:yfdf ko{6sx? cfpg] s'/} ePg . clg rln/x]sf 3/af; -xf]d:6]_, ;fgf xf]6n, nh
;a} aGb x'g] g} eP . s]xL ;dob]lv u|fdL0f ko{6gn] ndh'Ë / sf:sL lhNnfx?df
/fd|f] cfzfsf] ls/0f 5g{ yfn]sf] lyof] . t/ b'ef{Uo dfcf]afbL ;z:q åGån] ndh'Ë
/ sf:sL lhNnfx?df lasf; x'Fb} UfPsf] u|fdL0f ko{6gnfO{ Wj:t agfO{lbof] .
3n]
ufpFsf cu'jf k|]d 3n]sf cg';f/ /f]wL eg]sf] u'?Ëx?sf] dfof k|]d ug]{b]lv td'
;f+:s[lts uLt / gfr -;f]/7L, s[i0f rl/q, ;Lksf sfd ug]{ / td'sf] ;Eotf /
;+:s[lt hf]ufpg] ;zQm dfWod ;d]t dflg+bf] /x]5 . t/ b'ef{Uo @)%@ ;fndf tTsfnLg
g]kfn sDo'lgi6 kf6L{ -dfcf]afbL_ -To;kl5 dfcf]afbL elgPsf]_ n] ;z:q åGå z'?
u/]kl5 pgLx?n] k/Dk/fut ;+:sf/ / ;+:s[lt cGTo ug]{ egL cfs|d0f ug{ yfn]kl5 afWo
eP/ u'?Ë -td'_ ;d'bfodf k/fk"a{sfnb]lv rln/x]sf /f]wL3/x?n] klg dflg; e]nf
x'g lbPgg\ / /f]wL e]nf /f]lsP . k|]d 3n] sf cg';f/ t dfcf]afbLn] /f]wL3/sf]
cEof;nfO{ æ;fdGtL k|yfÆ egL o;sf] pGd"ng ug{ nfu]sf /x]5g\ -3n] @)*)M k]h
#&_ .
$= 3n]ufpF / u|fld0f ko{6gM
;d'b|L
;txaf6 @!)) ld6/ -&*() lkm6_ prfO{df /x]sf] sf7df8f}+af6 nueu @)) lsldsf]
b'/Ldf /x]sf] ndh'Ë lhNnfsf] /d0fLo kxf8L If]qdf /x]sf] of] :yfgaf6
cGgk"0f{ -blIf0fL efu_, lxdr'nLx? dgf:n', df5fk'R5«], ndh'Ë lxdfnsf] /d0fLo
b[Zo b]lvg] ePsf]n] g} 3n]ufpFsf] :jb]z tyf lab]zdf ;d]t laz]if klxrfg /x]sf] 5
. of] ufpF cGgk"0f{ ;+/If0f If]q cfof]hgfdf leq kg]{ o:tf] 7fpF /x]5 hxfF
w]/} klxn]b]lv g} c;f]hb]lv d+l;/ / kmfNu'0f b]lv a}zfv;Dd lab]zL ko{6sx? cfP/
kfn xfnL a:g], ufpFdf 3'Dg cfpg] / ufpFn]x?n] a]n'sf uLt / gfr u/L pgLx?nfO{
dgf]/~hg lbg] u/]sf] / slxn]sfFxL :yfgLox?sf] 3/d} a:g] vfg] u/]sf] /x]5 . kl5
dfcf]afbL ;z:q åGå a9\b} uPkl5 o:tf ko{6sx? cfpg 5f]8]sf /x]5g\ .
u|fdL0f ko{6gsf] lasf;sf] dfWodaf6 3n]ufpFsf] of]
klxrfg agfpg z'?cft rfFlx @)$# ;fnsf] /fli6«o k~rfotsf] ;b:osf] 5}6f}+ r'gfj
lrGx ;lxt pDd]åf/ eP/ 3n]ufpFdf ef]6 dfUg k'u]sf lasf;lab\ :j=8f=xs{ u'?Ëaf6
ePsf] /x]5 . o;} k|;+udf 3n] -@)*)M(*_ n]V5g\ æ=====ca pgLx? -6'l/i6_ nfO{
kfnaf6 ufpFdf a:g nufpg'k5{ . l9sLdf s'6]sf] rfdn, hfFtf]df lk;]sf] bfn,
s/];faf/Lsf] ltpg–t/sf/L v'jfpg'k5{, cfˆg} vf]kL, lk9L+df ;'tfpg'k5{, v'jfP/
;'tfP afkt\ k};f lng' kb{5Æ . oxL dfGotfaf6 3n]ufpFdf @)$# b]lv u|fdL0f
ko{6gsf] cjwf/0ffn] cfsf/ lng yfn]sf] /x]5 k|]d 3n]x?sf] kxndf . k|]d 3n]sf
cg';f/ 8f= xs{ u'?Ën] 3n]ufpF /}yfg], ;+:s[lt / ko{6gsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 wgL
ePsf]n] oxfF u|fdL0f ko{6g agfpg'kg]{ dfGotf /fVg' ePsf] /x]5 . 3n]ufpFsf]
klxrfg o;sf] ;f+:s[lts ;Dkbf -kf}/fl0fs gfrufg, ;+uLt / ;df/f]xx?_, k/Dk/fut
jf:t'snf -9'Ëf / sf7n] ag]sf 3/x?, 9'Ëf / v/sf 5fgfx?, laz]if k|sf/n] lgdf{0f
u/]sf ejgx? / c? ;+/rgfx?_, Gofgf]
%= dfcf]afbL ;z:q åGå / 3n]ufpFsf] u|fld0f ko{6gdf c;/M
;d'b|L
;txaf6 @!)) ld6/ prfO{df /x]sf] ;'Gb/ / u'?Ë ;+:s[ltsf] hLlat klxrfg af]s]sf]
ko{6g :yn 3n]ufpF ;g\ !((^ km]a|'c/L b]lv ;g\ @))^ gf]e]Da/;Dd tTsfnLg g]skf
-dfcf]afbL_ n] ;+rfng u/]sf] ;z:q åGåaf6 ulx/f];Fu k|tfl8t eof] . dfcf]afbL
;z:q åGåsf] rfk a9\b} uPkl5 / pgLx?n] …hg;/sf/Ú u7g u/]sf] 3f]if0ff u/]kl5
pgLx?sf] …hg;/sf/Ú nfO{ g;f]wL s;}n], sFxL klg lasf;, lgdf{0f, ko{6g ;DalGw
s]xL klg ug{ gkfO{g], pgLx?sf] cg'dlt glnO{ sf]xL gofF dflg; ufpFdf k|a]z
gkfpg] cj:yfsf] k|ToIf lzsf/ 3n]ufpFsf] u|fdL0f ko{6g ag]sf] lyof] .
3n]ufpFsf
cu'jf k|]d 3n]nfO{ …;kmfofÚ ug{] krf{ afF8\g], ckx/0f ug]{, ufpFdf k;]/
hg;d'bfonfO{ dfcf]afbL n8fs"x?nfO{ vfg glbP ysf{pg] u/]kl5 3n]ufpFsf]
ko{6g ;DaGwL ;ldltn] ToxfFsf] xf]d:6] aGb u/]5 .
3n]ufpFdf
o;/L åGåsf] z'?cfltsf] ;dodf v'n]sf] xf]d:6] åGå a9\b} hfFbf s]xL aif{d} aGb
x'g afWo ePsf] lyof] . o:tf] cj:yfdf klg cu'jf k|]d 3n]n] Hofg xTs]nfdf /fv]/
-dfcf]afbLsf] ckx/0f, ef}lts sf/afxLsf] wDsL / cfs|d0f_ ;xFb} :yfgLo hgkl/rfng
/ lhNnf;Fu ;dGjo ub}{ hLljt /fv]sf] ndh'Ë lhNnfsf] laZj k|Voft 3n]ufpF u|fdL0f
ko{6gn] dfcf]afbL lzsf/ ag]/ klg k'ghL{jg lnO{ clxn] km]/L ;+;f/e/ rlr{t 5 .
3n]ufpFsf] of] u|fdL0f ko{6g :jb]zL tyf lab]zL b'a}sf] nflu clxn] cToflws
cfsif{0fsf] s]Gb| alg/x]sf] 5 . k|]d 3n] clg pxfFsf] ld;gdf ;fy lbg] 3n]ufpFsf
tTsfnLg ;+rfns ;ldlt cWoIf cfzaL/, pkfWoIf z]/ axfb'/, ;lra xs{ axfb'/,
sf]iffWoIf d'Qmf l;+x tyf ;b:ox? k"0f{ axfb'/, zfGtf, lty{/fh, lvd s'df/L,
df]tL k|;fb, lnnf axfb'/ / u'dfg l;+x h;n] Ps} k6s cf–cfˆgf] 3/df xf]d:6]
;+rfng u/L of] ;'Gb/ a:tLnfO{ xf]d:6]sf] dfWodaf6 ;+;f/e/ lrgfpg'eof] .
dfcf]afbLn] ufpFd} cfP/ cj/f]w ubf{ klg 3n]ufpFsf
ko{6g Aoj;foLx?n] k|]d 3n]sf] g]t[Tjdf @)%* ;fn a}zfvdf ko{6g dxf]T;j u/]sf
/x]5g\ 3n]ufpFnfO{ cAan ko{6g uGtAo agfpg] eg]/ . t/ o;sf] s]xL ;dokl5 b]lv
;z:q åGå rls{O{ cGgk"0f{ kbdfu{df dfcf]afbLsf] 7"nf] cj/f]w eof] .
k|]d 3n]n] nlntsnf SofDk;sf lrqsf/ ufpFd} nu]/ snf dxf]T;j u/L 3n]ufpFsf]
k|rf/–k|;f/ ug]{ b]lv ;f+:s[lts dxf]T;j u/L ufpFsf] snf–;+:s[lt hu]gf{ ug]{;Dd
dfcf]afbL n8fs"n] cfkm"nfO{ 3]/f xfNbf df5f+}{ eg] df/ t/ of] las6
ufpFdf dxf]T;j u/L ufpF3/sf] k|rf/ u5'{ eGg] c8fg /fvL n8fs" kmsf{pg],
dfcf]afbLn] ef}lts sf/afxL ug]{ ;"rgf hf/L ubf{ To; If]qsf tTsfnLg OGrfh{
b]a]Gb| kf}8]n;Fu OG;]ssf k|ltlgwL;lxt e]6L sf/afxL lkmtf{ u/fO{ 3n]ufpFdf u|fdL0f
ko{6g k|a4{gsf cj/f]w v'nfpg];Dd u/]sf /x]5g\ . kl5 dfcf]afbL;Fu /fHon] zflGt
;Demf}tf u/]kl5 t emg\ 3n]ufpFsf] k|aw{gfTds lel8of] agfpg], kf]i6/ 5fkL, kqsf/
af]nfO{ kqklqsfaf6 k|rf/ u/L 3n]ufpFsf] u|fld0f ko{6g df]8n g} agfpg ;kmn eP /
kl5 ko{6gdGqL k[YaL;'Aaf u'?Ën] g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 ;g\ @))& df 3n]ufpFnfO{
;fs{ /fi6«sf nflu gd'gf ko{6g ufpF 3f]if0ff ePkl5 t of] ufpsf] w]/} k|rf/ ePsf]
/x]5 . o;kl5 t ko{6sx? 3n]ufpF vf]hL vf]hL cfpg yfn]5g\ . clg :yfgLon] nuftf/
3n]ufpF dxf]T;j dgfpg yfn]5g\ .
:yfgLo
u'?Ë o'jf–o'jtLx?sf] ;s[otf / k|]d 3n] -hf] tTsflng ufpF lasf; ;ldlt cWoIf klg
x'g'x'GYof]_ sf] g]t[Tjdf 3n]ufpFsf gful/sx? ko{6g k|a4{gdf nuftf/ s[oflzn
/x]5g\ . :yfgLo hgtfx?n] ;z:q åGåsf] rs]{sf] ;dodf xf]d:6]sf k"jf{wf/x?
-sf]7f, zf}rfno, ;+u|xfno, af6f]3f6f]_ sfod} /fVg] / a]nf a]nf a}7s a;L
;ldltnfO{ åGåsf] r/d pTsif{df klg lhlat /fv]5g\ . ;z:q åGå kZrft\ 3n]ufpFdf
ko{6s XjfQ} a9\g'sf] sf/0f :yfgLo hgtfx?n] w]/} d]x]gtsf ;fy sfd u/]/} xf] eGg]
k|i6 x'G5 .
dfcf]afbL
åGåkl5 klg /f]wL3/ Ao"Ftfpg ufx|f] eO{{ æ;fd'bflos ejgÆ agfO{Psf] /x]5
-k]h #*_ / olx ejgdf klxnf /f]wL3/df ;DkGg x'g] s]xL s[ofsnfkx? / e]63f6, ef]h
eQ]/, ;fd'bflos 5nkmn x'g yfn]5 . t/ dfcf]afbLn] hftLo /fhgLltsf] ;xf/f
lnPsf]n] pgLx?n] td'x?nfO{ klg laeflht u/]5 / dfcf]afbL kIfsf td' g]tfx?n] td'
;+u|xfno agfpg] cleofg g} c;kmn kfg]{ /0fgLlt lnPsf /x]5g\ . To:t} 3n]ufpFnfO{
3n]ufpF agfpg, laBfno ejg, ;fd'bflos ejg, ;+u|xfno, u|fdL0f ;8s cfbL ;+/rgf
lgdf{0fdf dfcf]afbLsf] cj/f]w k|d'v /x]sf] HjnGt pbxf/0f t @)%& b]lv @)^@
;Dd pgLx?n] 3n]ufpFdf u/]sf qf;bLk"0f{ ultlawLx?n] g} k'i6L ug]{ /x]5g\ .
g]kfn
hftLo, eflifs, ;f+:s[lts lalawtfdf lalzi7 /x]sf] kl/a]zdf of] lalzi7tfdf
dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg u'?Ë ;d'bfo / dfcf]afbLx?sf] lx+;fn] laWj+; 3n]ufpFsf]
ko{6g la:tf/df k|]d 3n] / pxfFsf] l6dnfO{ ;w} pT;flxt ug]{, ;Nnfx ;'emfj lbg] /
:ynut e|d0f u/L xf};nf lbg]df k/]jf8fF8f ufpFkflnsf -xfn ;'Gb/ahf/ gu/kflnsf
j8f g+ @_ sf ltns/fh kf08] x'g'x'Fbf]/x]5 . kf08]hL / k|]dhL Pp6} ;+u7gdf sfd
ug]{ / k"a{ kl/lrt ;fyL ePsf]n] clg pxfFx?sf] cfˆgf] ufpFsf] lasf; ug{]
glagtd ;f]r, b[9 OR5fzlQm, hgtfk|lt ulx/f] k|lta4tf ePsf] sf/0f Psn] csf{nfO{
;Nnfx ;'emfj / ;xof]u lbg] ug'{ x'Fbf]/x]5 .
ltns/fh
kf08]hL lasf;sf] ;jfndf a}rfl/s / Aojxfl/s ?kdf k|i6, b[9 / hgtfsf] ;d:of
;dfwfgdf k|lta4 x'g'xF'bf]/x]5 . leGg /fhgLlts kf6L{{;Fu cfj4 eO{ ufpFsf] lasf;
lgdf{0fdf bQlrQ eP/ nfu]sf] AolQm ePsf] tyf lasf; la/f]wL ultlawLsf] 86]/
la/f]w ug]{ ePs} sf/0f dfcf]afbLn] pxfFsf] elth /laGb| kf08]sf] laafxsf] hGtL
uPs} 7fpFaf6 p7fP/ nuL @ uf]nL aGb's xfg]/ df/]sf /x]5g\ . o;/L lhNnfsf] rlr{t
/ ;kmn hgk|ltlgwL -ufpF lasf; ;ldltsf] cWoIf, @)%$ df lgla{/f]w lgjf{lrt_ sf]
xTof u/]kl5 k|]d 3n] / c? hgk|ltlgwLx? Kflg r"k nufpg] /0fgLlt cg'?k
kf08]sf] @)^! Dff3 !^ ut] xTof ePsf] /x]5 . cem k|]d 3n] t kf08]hL;Fu}
hgsf/afxL ug]{ eg]/ dfcf]afbLn] krf{ g} 5/]sf] s'/f k|]d 3n]n] cfˆgf k':ts
æ3n]ufpFsf] syfÆ -@)*) k]h !!$–!!%_ df o;/L pNn]v ug'{ ePsf] /x]5 æ@)%( ;fnlt/
d 3/af6 ufpF lasf; ;ldltsf] sfof{nolt/ uO{/x]sf] lyPF, km}h' eGg] 7fpFdf k'u]/
o;f] plePsf] t rf/–kfFr hgf s]6fx? bf}8\b} d ePsf] 7fpFlt/ cfP . af6f] 5]s]/
3]/f xfn] . cfkm"x? dfcf]afbL 5fkfdf/ ePsf] kl/ro lbP . tkfO{ ckx/0fdf
kg'{ eof], pgLx?n] eg] . To;sf] s]xL lbg k5f8L a]+zLzx/sf] lemË] vf]nfdf ltnshL
/ dnfO{ hgsf/afxL ug]{ eg]/ n]lvPsf] krf{ e]l6Psf] lyof] . dlg{Ë jfsdf hfFbf
cfˆg} xftn] l6k]sf] lyP, Tof] cfkm"dfly x'g] hgsf/afxLsf] kq . n]lvPsf]
lyof] dfcf]afbL hg;/sf/;Fu s'g} klg laifodf 5nkmn gu/Lsg sfd ug]{ ltns/fh kf08]
/ k|]d 3n]nfO{ h'g;'s} a]nf hgsf/afxL ul/g]5Æ . o:tf] k[i7e"lddf
kf08]hLsf] xTof eg]sf] 3n]ufpFsf] ko{6g lasf;sf] d]?b08sf] ?kdf ePsf k|]d
3n]nfO{ xTof ug]{ eg]sf] 3n]ufpFsf] u|fdL0f ko{6gsf] klg cGTo ug]{ /0fgLlt eGg
;lsG5 . dfcf]afbLn] ndh'Ë b'/f8fF8fsf] kfl0fgL ;+:s[t dfWolds laBfnosf
-k|wfgfWofks_ d'lQmgfy clwsf/LnfO{ sIff !) df k9fpFb} u/]sf] cj:yfdf laBfyL{s}
laraf6 sf]7faf6 lgsfnL ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L pxfFsf b'a} xft k5f8L nu]/ afFwL cfwf
306f lxF8fP/ nuL k]6df 5'/f xfgL aGb's xfg]/ xTof u/]/ plQ;sf] ?vdf clwsf/Ls}
unaGbLn] em'08fP/ lx+8]kl5 ndh'Ë lhNnfe/ cft+s km}lnPsf] lyof] / To;sf] k|efj
ko{6g If]qdf kg]{ g} eof] .
ndh'Ë
Oltxf;b]lv g} clx+;fTds lab|f]xsf] sf] t kof{ojfrL g} xf] . o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f
@))^ ;fn ;fpg !! ut] b'/f8fF8fsf @& hgf a|fXd0fx?n] /f0ffx?sf] afnL3/],
xnLk|yf cGTo la/f]wdf xnf] hf]tL lab|f]x u/]sf lyP . t/ lx+;fTds åGå eg]
ndh'Ësf] nflu klg clt dx+uf] / qf;lbk"0f{ aGof] eg] of] lhNnfdf cToGt
/fd|f];+u km:6fpFb} uPsf] u|fdL0f ko{6gnfO{ tx;gx; g} kl/lbof] h;sf] pbfx/0f
3n]ufpF g} xf] .
^= 3n]ufpF u|fdL0f ko{6g / xf]d:6] -3/af;_ sf] gd"gfM
cfdg/;+xf/,
7"nf o'4 / ;z:q åGåx?sf] sf/0fn] ;DalGwt b]zsf] ko{6g If]qdf w]/}
7"nf gsf/fTds c;/x? k/]sf] kfO{G5 . t/ klg w]/} b]zx?df ;z:q åGås} ;Gbe{df
:yfgLo :t/df ko{6g k|a4{gdf dxTjk"0f{ / gjk|a4{gfTds sfdx? ePsf 5g\ . o:t}
:yfgLo kxndWo] Ps xf] g]kfnsf] klZrd kxf8sf] ndh'Ë lhNnfdf /x]sf] 3n]ufpFdf
lasf; ePsf] u|fld0f ko{6g . a;fFO{;/fO{, jftfj/0f tyf åGååf/f la:yfkg, ;/n
hLjgofkgsf] rfxgf, c?sf] b]vfl;sL, afWotf h:tf sf/0fn] ufpF–a:tLaf6 o'jf knfog
al9/x]sf] cj:yfdf klg 3n]ufpFsf] ko{6gn] o'jfnfO{ ufpFd} s;/L ;s[o agfO{ /fVg
;lsG5 eGg] /fd|f] pbfx/0f b]vfO{lbPsf] 5 .
3n]x?n]
ufpFdf ;+rfng u/]sf] xf]d:6] ko{6g eg] dfcf]afbLsf ;z:q åGåsf sf/0f g/fd|f];Fu
layf]lnP/, yn} k/]/ klg ufpFsf cu'jf k|]d 3n]sf] ;fx;, c7f]6 / ;dGjo tyf
3n]ufpFsf hgtfsf] ;'ema'em / P]Soa2tfsf sf/0f xf]d:6] k"gM clxn]sf] cj:yfsf]
cfO{k'u]sf] /x]5 . pgLx?n] laleGg sl7gfO{x?sf] ;fdgf u/]/ ;z:q åGåsf] ;dodf
xf]d:6] arfPs} sf/0f clxn] oxfFsf] xf]d:6] rDs]sf] xf] eGbf cTo'lQm gxf]nf .
klxnf
klxnf Dflg;x? 3n]ufpFsf] e|d0fdf hfg'sf] sf/0fx? dWo] Ps t æ/f]wL3/Æ af/]
;'g]sf s'/f / oyfy{ cEof; x]g]{ rfxgf klg /x]5 . klxnf u'?Ëx?sf]
;fdflhsLs/0fsf] dxTjk"0f{ dfWod g} /f]wL3/ x'g] /x]5 . h;nfO{ b'O{
d"n dflg; /f]:of]+ afaf / /f]:of+] cfdfn] g]t[Tj ug]{ /x]5g\ . lbpF;f] sfd
u/L a]n'sf /f]wL3/df e]nf eO{ s'/fsfgL gfrufg ug]{ u'?Ëx?sf] k|rlnt cEof; g}
/x]5 . oxL /f]wL3/sf] e]63f6 / uLtaf6} dg k/]sf o'jf–o'jtLn] laafx ;d]t ug]{
/x]5g\ .
cjwf/0fut?kdf
ko{6g If]q åGåsf ;+/rgfut sf/0fx? -ul/aL, a]/f]huf/L cfbL_ ;Daf]wg ug{ / åGå/t
cj:yfnfO{ zflGttkm{ ?kfGt/0f u/fpg] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ dfWod xf] . ko{6gn]
s[lif pTkfbg, ahf/, xf]6n, 6«fen ufO{8 cfbL laleGg If]qdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] /
ko{6g If]qdf kl5Nnf] ;do ;[hgzLn ?kdf lasf; ePsf] 3/af; ko{6g -xf]d:6] 6'l/hd_
xf] . o;n] k|ToIf ?kdf ko{6gnfO{ :yfgLos/0f u/L qL0fd"n hg;d'bfosf]
hLlasf]kfh{g;Fu ;fIffTsf/ ub{5 / pgLx?n] k|ToIf kmfO{bf kfpF5g\ . 3n]ufpFsf] xf]d:6]
-3/af;_ nfO{ o;} cjwf/0ffsf] cEof;sf] ?kdf lng ;lsG5 .
g]kfndf
eg] 3/af; ko{6g Aojl:yt ?kdf klxnf] k6s @)%# ;fndf SofK6]g ?b|dfg u'?Ësf]
cu'jfO{df :ofªhf lhNnfsf] l;?jf/Laf6 z'? ePsf] Oltxf; 5 . :ofªhfaf6 z'? ePsf]
xf]d:6] kl5 ndh'Ësf] 3n]ufpF, 3fGb'|s nufotdf lasf; / la:tf/ eO{ clxn] b]ze/
km}lnPsf] 5 . xf]d:6]n] ufpFd} a;]/ cfo cfh{g ug]{ /fd|f] cj;/ lbPsf] 5 .
&= 3n]ufpFsf] u|fdL0f ko{6g k|a4{gdf k|]d 3n]sf] of]ubfgM
3n]ufpFdf
xf]d:6]sf] kof{ojfrL k|]d 3n]hL x'g'x'Fbf]/x]5 . k|]d 3n]hLn] :j=8f= xs{ u'?Ës}
k|]/0ff / b[i6Lsf]0faf6 k|eflat eO{ 3n]ufpFdf 3/af; ko{6gsf] yfngL ug'{ePsf]
/x]5 . @)$# ;fnsf] /fli6«o k~rfotsf] ;b:osf pDd]åf/ 8f= xs{ u'?Ësf] efif0faf6
k|eflat eO{ u|fdL0f ko{6g k|a4{gdf nfu]sf k]zfn] lzIfs k|]d 3n]hL kl5 lzIf0f
k]zf 5f8L /fhgLlt ug{ nfu]kl5 / 3n]ufpF ufpFkflnsfsf] k|d'vdf lgjf{lrt ePkl5 t
pxfFn] 3n]ufpFnfO{ pTs[i6 u|fdL0f ko{6g s]Gb| agfpg bQlrQ eP/ nfUg' ePsf] /x]5
. pxfn] @)%$ ;fndf cfkm+}n] kl/If0fsf] ?kdf xf]d:6] :yfkgf ul/ c? !@ hgfnfO{
klg xf]d:6] vf]Ng pTk]|l/t u/fO{ @)%& a}zfvb]lv t 3n]ufpFdf lalwjt xf]d:6]
;+rfng eP5 .
k|]d
3n]hLs} cu'jfO{df u|fdL0f ko{6gaf6} 3n]ufpFsf] ;d[l4sf] 9f]sf vf]lnPsf] /x]5 . k|]d
3n]hLsf] 3n]ufpFdf u|fdL0f ko{6g lasf; ug]{ t}of/Lsf] l;nl;nfdf kf]v/fdf
;/sf/n] cfof]hgf u/]sf] u|fdL0f ko{6g ;DalGw sfo{s|ddf pxfF nufotsf cu'jfx?sf] ;xeflutf,
l;?jf/Ldf u|fdL0f ko{6g k|a4{gdf ;xof]u k'¥ofPsf sf7df8f}+df 6«fen Ph]G;L
;+rfns ci6«]lnog gful/s 6f]gL kfs{sf] ;Nnfx, lhNnf lasf; ;ldltsf ;efklt
hldGb|dfg 3n]sf] ;xof]uaf6 3n]ufpFdf u|fdL0f ko{6gn] v'§f 6]s]sf] /x]5 . @)%%
;fndf ndh'Ë lhNnf lasf; ;ldltn] u'?Ë ;Dkbf kbdfu{ -u'?Ë x]l/6]h 6«]lsË 6«]n_
sf] sfo{s|d cGtu{t a+]zLzx/ – afUn'ËkfgL – 3n]ufpF – e'h'Ë – k;ufpF – uLn'Ë /
sf:sLsf] y'D;Lsf]6 – kf]v/f_ sf] k|:tfj u/]sf] /x]5 . o;}nfO{ kl/dflh{t ?kdf
lasf; u/L xf]d:6] ?6df pkof]u ul/Psf] /x]5 . ko{6g af]8{, PSofk, lhNnf lasf;
;ldltsf] laleGg ;xof]u / l;?jf/L cWoog e|d0fsf] kl/0ffd :j?k 3n]ufpFdf xf]d:6]
;+rfng ug]{ to ePsf] / / ca ko{6ssf nflu rflxg] Go"gtd ;+/rgf, zf}rfno,
a:g] sf]7f, vfgkLg / ;kmf;'U3/sf] Aoj:yf ug'{kg]{ ePkl5 pxfF oxL sfddf nfUg'eP5
. ufpFsf uNnL, uf]/]6f] af6f], 3/–cfFug ;kmf ug{ :yfgLo hgtf kl/rfng ul/P5g\ / To;kl5
ToxfF cfzla/ u'?Ësf] cWoIftfdf ko{6g Aoj:yfkg tby{ ;ldlt klg agfP5g\ . of]
;ldltn] ko{6g Aoj:yfkgsf] nflu ufpF ;kmf ug]{, rkL{ agfO{ k|of]u ug]{ / v'nf
lb;f ug{ /f]s nufpg] sfd ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ePkl5 xf]d:6] ;+rfng ul/Psf]
/x]5 .
&= 3n]ufpFsf] d]/f] gLlh cg'e"ltM
3n]ufpFsf]
xf]d:6] åGåkl5 s:tf] eP5 eg]/ x]g]{ /x/n] d klg kl/jf/;Fu} ;z:q åGåkl5 @)^( r}q
#) ut] z's|af/b]lv a}zfv )@ cfO{taf/ -;g\ @)!# clk|n !@–!$_;Dd ;kl/jf/
3n]ufpFsf] e|d0f u/]sf] lyPF . ToxfFsf cfdf ;d'xx?sf] ;s[otf / g]t[Tj clg b[9
OR5fzlQm b]v]/ Hofb} k|efljt ePsf] lyPF . Tolta]nf d]/f] kl/jf/ ->LdtL 8f= od'gf
3n] / 5f]/f cfo'if pk|]tL_ tyf xfd|f] l5d]sL k|df]b sfˆn]sf] kl/jf/ ->LdtL sflGt
l/;fn / 5f]/f cfo{g sfˆn]_ n] of] /d0fLo :yn 3'Dbf 3n]ufpF ko{6gdf o'4sf 8f]ax?
eP klg ;d'bfon] zflGt ;Demf}tf ePsf] ^ aif{sf] lardf of] u|fdL0f ko{6g:ynnfO{
3n]ufpFdf nueu ;fdfGo ?kdf NofO{;s]sf /x]5g\ . d}n] 3n]ufpFsf] ;–kl/jf/ -5f]/L
afx]s_ e|d0f ubf{ 3n]ufpFsf] ufO{–a:t' rl//x]sf] y'DsLdf hfFbf cfo'if / cfo{g
k|lt:kwf{ ub}{ oxfF /x]sf] 6fs'/f] -6'Kkf]_ df k'Ug bf}l8/x]sf], j/k/sf lxdfndf
;]tf] lxpF, a]n'sf uf]w'nLsf] ;dodf k/–k/ b]lvg] 8'Ag nfu]sf] kx+]nf] 3fd, Ps}
vfnsf 3/x?, ;/n :jefjsf ;'Gb/ / ;xof]uL dflg;x?, glhs}sf] y'DsLdf r9\g], 3'Dg]
:jb]zL ko{6ssf] le8, cjf]w afnaflnsfx?sf] gofF dflg; b]Vbfsf] lgZrn xfF;f],
ldnfP/ rfË agfO{ /fv]sf bfp/f, 9'Ëfn] agfPsf] ;kmf af6f], 3/sf leQfdf 6fFl;Psf
3n]ufpF dxf]T;j @)^* sf kf]i6/x?, dfbn / c? afhfx?sf] ;hfj6, e]8fsf pmgsf afSnf
/f8L cf]9]/ dfbn ahfpFb} a;]sf xFl;nf cg'xf/sf u'?Ë afh]x? / u'?Ë klx/gdf
gflr/x]sf cfdfx?, cltyLk|lt u/]sf :g]xk"0f{ Aojxf/ -dfnf / rfdnsf] ;]tf]
l6sf nufO{ xftdf km"n lbg] / of] sfo{ dlxnfx?n] ug]{ /x]5g\_, af6f]df
b]lvg] lrof aufg / y'lDsx?, e]8Luf]7x?, pTt/sGof dlGb/, e'h'Ë ufpF cfh ko{Gt
klg dfg;k6ndf tfh} 5 . 3gkf]v/fsf] ;'Gb/tf, 3n]ufpFsf] td' ;+u|xfno, ;f]/7L,
3f6' / ;]sf{ gfr d]/f] ;Demgfdf cem} /lx/x]sf 5g\ .
3n]ufpFsf
3n]x?M d]/L >LdtL ndh'Ësf] vf;'/
ufpFsf] 3n]s} 5f]/L ePsf]n] klg 3n]x?af/] d]/f] rfv lyof] . k|]d 3n]sf cg';f/ 3n]ufpFsf
k'/fgf afl;Gbfx?df aufn], l/NbL, yf]bL / v]rf] ul/ $ y/L 3n]x? /x]5g\ -3n],
@)*)_ . 3n]ufpFsf æl/NbL 3n]Æ x? / æWofk|] 3n]Æ x? lar @! Afif{;Dd hftLo åGå
ePsf] /x]5 . kl5 pgLx?n] of] åGåsf] ;dfwfg u/]sf /x]5g\ -3n], @)*)_ .
3n]ufpFsf] Oltxf;df klxnf ltAatsf] gd|r' VofNrf ;d'bfoaf6 3n]x? dgfË cfO{ zf;g
-/fh_ u/]sf] / kl5 !# cf}+ ztfAbLdf dgfËaf6 SofNkf] /f]hf -ltAataf6 cfPsf 3n]
/fhfsf ;Gtfg_ n] 3n]ufpFdf zf;g u/]sf] a'lemG5 -3n], @)*)_ . oxL ;dosf 3n]sf
;Gtfgx? g} clxn] 3n]ufpFsf afl;Gbf / xtf{stf{ /x]5g\ . 3n]ufpFsf afl;Gbfn] u|fdL0f
ko{6g k|a4{g ug{s} nflu cfˆgf clGtd /fhf SofNkf] /f]hfsf] ;flns agfpg] b]lv
…3n] kfs{Ú lgdf{0f ug]{ u/]sf 5g\ .
;Gbe{ ;fdfu|LM
!_ pk|]tL lji0f' /fh -@)&!s_ åGå Aoj:yfkg
sf7df8f}+M e[s'6L Ps]8]lds klAns]zG; .
@_ pk|]tL lji0f' /fh -@)&!v_ g]kfndf ;z:q åGå
/ o;sf] k|efj . sf7df8f}+M g]kfn ;]G6/ km/ sG6]Dkf]//L l/;r{ .
#_ pk|]tL lji0f' /fh -@)&!u_ g]kfnsf] zflGt
k|s[of / /fHo lgdf{0fsf r'gf}tLx? . sf7df8f}+M g]kfn ;]G6/ km/ sG6]Dkf]//L
l/;r{ .
$_ Hjfnf, k|sfz
-@))@_, j}rfl/s e"d/Ldf dfcf]afbL cfGbf]ng, sf7df8f}+M ;+uLg – dbg k|sfzg
.
%_ 3n] k|]d
-@)*)_, 3n]ufpFsf] syf . ndh'ËM ko{6g Aoa:yfkg ;ldlt, u|fdL0f ko{6g 3n]ufpF
6) Ministry of Peace and Reconstruction (MoPR). (2011). External Monitoring of Nepal Peace Trust
Fund (NPTF). Kathmandu, Nepal.
7) Upreti BR,
Upadhayaya PK, Sapkota T, (eds.) (2013), Tourism in Pokhara Issues, Trends and
future prospect for peace and prosperity. Kathmandu: Pokhara Tourism council
(PTC), Swiss National center of contemporary Research (NCCR),
Kathmandu.Pp.1-25.
[1] o;kl5
of] bnnfO{ dfcf]jfbL egL pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . ;fy} …dfcf]jfbL ljb|f]xÚ, …dfcf]jfbL
hgo'4Ú / …dfcf]jfbL ;z:q åGåÚ zAbfjnLnfO{ ofxf ;dfgfyL{ ¿kdf k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 .
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