ljk|]if0f lge{/tfaf6 pTkfbgzLn u|fdL0f cy{tGqsf] k'glg{df{0f tkm{

8f= lai0f'/fh pk|]tL

 

!+ laifo k|j];

 

g]kfnsf] clxn]sf] ljk|]if0fdf cfwfl/t cy{tGqaf6 pTkfbgd'vL :yfgLo cy{tGqsf] lasf; ug{' cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] . s'g} klg /fi6«sf] ;d[l4 To;n] slt >lds ljb]z k7fpF5 eGg]df xf]Og, cfˆg} e"lddf slt cj;/ l;h{gf ug{ ;S5 eGg]df lge{/ x'G5 .

ljut tLg bzsdf g]kfnsf] cy{tGqdf ;a}eGbf 7'nf] ;+/rgfut kl/jt{gdWo] Ps eg]sf] ljk|]if0f -l/ld6]G;_ sf] tLj| lj:tf/ xf]. nfvf}F g]kfnL gful/s /f]huf/sf] vf]hLdf vf8L d'n's, dn]l;of, blIf0f sf]l/of, hfkfg, o'/f]k tyf cGo b]zdf k'u]sf 5g\. pgLx¿n] k7fPsf] ljk|]if0fn] nfvf}F kl/jf/nfO{ ul/aLaf6 dfly klg pfPsf] 5, lzIff, :jf:Yo, cfjf; tyf pkef]udf ;'wf/ klg NofPsf] 5 . d'n'ssf] ljb]zL d'›f ;l~rlt tyf e'QmfgL ;Gt'ngnfO{ dha't agfpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf klg v]n]sf] 5.  g]kfn /fi6« a}+s -@)@%_ sf cg';f/ ljk|]if0f clxn] g]kfnsf] s'n ufx{:y pTkfbgsf] em08} Ps ltxfO lx:;f ju6]sf] 5, h;n] g]kfnnfO{ ljZjs} ;a}eGbf ljk|]if0f–lge{/ cy{tGqdWo] Ps agfPsf] 5 .

 

of] pknlAwnfO{ c:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsFb}g. t/, o;sf] csf]{ kIf klg TolQs} uDeL/ klg 5 . g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f cy{tGq qmdzM cfˆg} pTkfbgdf cfwfl/t k|0ffnLaf6 aflx/ sdfPsf] cfodf cfwfl/t pkef]ud'vL cy{tGqdf ¿kfGt/0f x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . xhf/f}F ufpFdf v]tLof]Uo hldg afFem} 5g\, s[lif >dsf] cefj 5, k/Dk/fut k]zf / ;Lk nf]kf]Gd'v 5g\, :yfgLo ahf/df :jb]zL pTkfbgeGbf cfofltt j:t'sf] lx:;f a9\bf] 5, / cfly{s ultljlwsf] s]G› pTkfbg xf]Og, pkef]u aGb} uPsf] 5 . o;n] Pp6f df}lns k|Zg p7fpF5, s] s'g} b]zn] cfˆgf gful/sn] ljb]zdf sdfPsf] cfDbfgLdf dfq bL3{sfnLg cfly{s ;d[l4 xfl;n ug{ ;S5< o; n]vsf] d'Vo ts{ oxL xf] ls ljk|]if0f g]kfnsf] cy{tGqsf nflu cfjZos eP klg kof{Kt cj:yf x}g. ljk|]if0fn] cfly{s /fxt lbg ;S5, t/ o;n] cfTdlge{/ cy{tGq lgdf{0f ug{ ;Sb}g. g]kfnsf] bL3{sfnLg cfly{s eljio :yfgLo pTkfbg, u|fdL0f pBdzLntf, ;fdflhs k'FhL -;f];n Soflk6n_ / ;Ifd ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf] k'ghL{jgdf lge{/ /xg]5 . ca ljsf;sf] ax; s]jn k"FhL, ahf/ / k"jf{wf/df ;Lldt /xg' x'b}gÙ ;dfhleq ljBdfg ljZjf;, kf/:kl/s ;xof]u, ;fd"lxs pQ/bfloTj / :yfgLo ;+:yfut Ifdtfdfly klg ;dfg ¿kdf s]lG›t x'g'k5{.

 

ljsf;nfO{ cy{zf:qsf] dfq xf]Og, ;dfhzf:qsf] b[li6af6 klg a'‰g'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 . k/Dk/fut cy{zf:qn] ljsf;nfO{ ;fdfGotof k"FhL, >d, k|ljlw, nufgL / ahf/sf] lj:tf/;Fu hf]8]/ JofVof u{b5. t/ kl5Nnf kfFr bzsdf ljsf; cy{zf:q, ;dfhzf:q / ;+:yfut cy{zf:qsf ljåfgx¿n] cfly{s ljsf;sf] Pp6f km/flsnf] b[li6sf]0f k|:t't u/]sf 5g\. pgLx¿sf cg';f/ cy{tGq s]jn ahf/df x'g] lsga]rsf] kl/0ffd xf]OgÙ of] ;fdflhs ;DaGw, ;f+:s[lts dfGotf, ljZjf;, ;+:yf / /fhgLlts Joj:yf;Fu ulx/f];Fu hf]l8Psf] x'G5 .

 

sfn{ kf]nfGoL -Polanyi, !($$_ n] cfˆgf] rlr{t s[lt b u|]6 6«fG;kmd]{;gdf ahf/ ;dfheGbf aflx/ :jtGq ¿kdf ;~rfng x'g] k|0ffnL xf]Og, a? ;dfhleq æcGtlg{lxtæ -OSa]8]8_ k|0ffnL xf] eGg] ts{ k|:t't u/]sf 5g\. ahf/ ;kmn x'gsf nflu To;nfO{ ljZjf;, g}ltstf, ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj / ;+:yfut ;+/rgfn] ;fy lbg'k5{. ahf/nfO{ ;dfhaf6 cnu ul/Fbf c;dfgtf, ;fdflhs lj36g / cfly{s cl:y/tf a9\g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .

 

o;} u/L 8un; gy{ -North, !(()_ n] cfly{s ;d[l4sf] d"n cfwf/ ;+:yf -OG:l6Ro';g_ nfO{ dfg]sf 5g\. pgsf cg';f/ ;+:yf eg]sf ;dfhsf æv]nsf lgodæ -?n ckm u]d_ x'g\. olb lgodx¿ :ki6, ljZj;gLo / lgikIf 5}gg\ eg] nufgL, pTkfbg / gjk|jt{g lbuf] x'g ;Sb}g.

 

gf]a]n k'/:sf/ ljh]tf cdTo{ ;]g -Sen, !(((_ n] ljsf;nfO{ cfo j[l4sf] ¿kdf dfq gx]/L dflg;sf] Ifdtf -Sofkfljln6L_, :jtGqtf -lkm|8d_ / cj;/ lj:tf/sf] k|lqmofsf ¿kdf kl/eflift u/]sf 5g\. o; b[li6sf]0fn] ljsf;nfO{ s]jn hLl8kLsf] j[l4 xf]Og, dflg;sf] hLjgsf] u'0f:t/ ;'wf/;Fu hf]85\ . log} ax;x¿af6 æ;fdflhs k'FhLæ -;f];n Soflk6n_sf] cjwf/0ff ljsf; eof].

 

lko/] af]/B' -Bourdieu, !(*^_, h]D; sf]nDofg -Coleman, !(**_ / /f]a6{ k'6\gd -Putnam, !((#Ù @)))_ n] ;fdflhs ;DaGw, kf/:kl/s ljZjf;, gful/s ;xeflutf / ;xof]uL ;~hfnnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu ef}lts k"FhL;/x dxQ\jk0f{ dfg]. k'6\gdn] t cem cufl8 a9]/ æljZjf; ePsf] ;dfh wgL dfq x'Fb}g, Tof] ;dfh k|efjsf/L ¿kdf zf;g ug{ klg ;Ifd x'G5æ eGg] ts{ ;d]t k|:t't u/].

 

Plng/ cf]:6«f]d -Ostrom, !(()_ n] ;femf ;|f]t -sdg k|k6L{ l/;f];]{;_ sf] Joj:yfkgdf :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] e"ldsf af/] g]kfn / ef/tsf] ;d'bfosf] sfdsf] pbxf/0f ;lxt ljZj:t/d} k|dflft ul/g\. :yfgLo ;d'bfodf ljZjf;, ;femf lgod / pQ/bfloTj alnof] eP ;/sf/n] k|ToIf lgoGq0f gu/L klg jg, kfgL, r/g / cGo k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;kmn Joj:yfkg ;Dej x'G5 eGg] pgsf] lgisif{ lyof].

 

g]kfnsf u|fdL0f ;dfhnfO{ a'‰g oL ;a} cjwf/0ffx¿ cToGt ;fGble{s 5g\. lsgeg] g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f cy{tGq s]jn v]t, jg, kz'kfng jf ahf/df dfq cfwfl/t lyPgÙ of] ;fdflhs ;DaGw, kf/:kl/s ;xof]u / ;fd'bflos ;+:yfx¿sf] alnof] hudf plePsf] lyof].

 

@= ;xsfo{df cfwfl/t u|fdL0f cy{tGqaf6 gub cy{tGqtkm{sf] ;+qmd0f

s]jn s]xL bzscl3;Dd g]kfnsf] clwsf+z u|fdL0f cy{tGq gubeGbf a9L kf/:kl/s ;xof]udf cfwfl/t lyof]. v]tLkftL, 3/ lgdf{0f, l;+rfO s'nf] dd{t, uf]/6f] af6f] agfpg], jg ;+/If0f ug]{, rf8kj{ cfof]hgf ug]{, ljkb\sf] ;fdgf ug]{ ;a} sfd ;fd"lxs >d / ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjsf cfwf/df ;DkGg x'Gy].

kd{ k0ffnLn] gublagf >d cfbfg–k|bfg ;Dej agfPsf] lyof]. u7L k|0fnLn] ;fdflhs, wfld{s / cfly{s ultljlwnfO{ ;+:yfut cfwf/ lbof]. l9s'/ k|0fnLn] ;d'bfoleq art / C0fsf] Joj:yf u¥of]. cfdf ;d"x, jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, l;+rfO pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, ;xsf/L ;+:yf / cGo :yfgLo ;+u7gx¿n] cfly{s dfq xf]Og, ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] e"ldsf;d]t lgjf{x u/].

 

clxn]sf] efiffdf oL ;a} ;+:yf jf:tjdf cfly{s ;+:yf lyP. logn] n]gb]g nfut -6«fGHofS;g s:6_ 36fpFy], >d pknAw u/fpFy], hf]lvd afF8\y], ljjfb ;dfwfg uy]{ / pTkfbgnfO{ ;Dej agfpFy]. s'g} ls;fgnfO{ v]t /f]Kg >lds cefj eP ufpFsf cGo kl/jf/ ;xof]u ug{ cfpFy]Ù ef]lnkN6 ToxL ls;fg csf]{sf] v]tdf k'UYof]. k};f vr{ gu/L pTkfbg ;Dej x'GYof]. o; k|0ffnLsf] s]G›df ljZjf; lyof]. lnlvt ;Demf}tf cfjZos kb}{gYof]Ù JolQmsf] k|lti7f g} p;sf] æhdfgtæ x'GYof]. ;fdflhs ;DaGw cfly{s ;DaGwsf] cfwf/ lyof].

 

t/ kl5Nnf tLg bzsdf tLj| >d cfk|jf;g;Fu} of] ;+/rgfdf ulx/f] kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5. ufpFsf clwsf+z o'jf ljb]z uPkl5 kd{ k0ffnL sdhf]/ eof]. ;fd"lxs >dsf] :yfg Hofnfbf/L >dn] lnof]. w]/} 7fpFdf Hofnfbf/ >lds;d]t gkfOg] cj:yf l;h{gf eof]. v]tLof]Uo hldg afFemf] /xg yfn]. ufpFdf j[4, dlxnf / afnaflnsf dfq a:g] k|j[lQ a9\of]. ;fd'bflos g]t[Tj sdhf]/ aGb} uof].

o;/L g]kfn lj:tf/} ;fdflhs cy{tGq -;f];n O{sf]gf]dL_ af6 gub–cfwfl/t pkef]ud'vL cy{tGq -Sof;a]; sGhD;g O{sf]gf]dL_ df kl/0ft x'Fb} uof].

 

#= u|fdL0f ¿kfGt/0fsf cb[Zo cfly{s nfutx¿

 

ljk|]if0fsf] a9\bf] k|jfxnfO{ xfdLn] k|foM ;kmntfsf] ;"rssf ¿kdf x]/]sf 5f}F. t/ o;sf] cb[Zo nfutaf/] ck]Iffs[t sd ax; ePsf] 5. ;a}eGbf klxn], s[lif pTkfbgdf lu/fj6 b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfndf kof{Kt s[lif ;Defjgf x'Fbfx'Fb} klg vfBfGg, t/sf/L, kmnkm"n, b'UwhGo kbfy{ / df;';d]t cfoft al9/x]sf] 5. o;sf] d'Vo sf/0f hldgsf] cefj xf]OgÙ pTkfbg ug]{ >dzlQmsf] cefj xf].

 

bf];|f], u|fdL0f cy{tGq pTkfbgd'vLeGbf pkef]ud'vL aGb} uPsf] 5. ljb]zaf6 cfPsf] cfon] hLjg:t/df ;'wf/ NofPsf] eP klg To;sf] 7'nf] lx:;f 3/ lgdf{0f, pkef]u tyf cfofltt ;fdu|L vl/bdf vr{ x'g] u/]sf] 5. pTkfbgd"ns If]qdf nufgLsf] cg'kft ck]Iffs[t Go"g /x]sf] g]kfn /fi6« a}+s tyf ljZj a}+ssf ljleGg cWoogx¿n] b]vfPsf 5g\.

 

t];|f], u|fdL0f hg;f+lVos ;+/rgfdf ulx/f] kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5. o'jf hgzlQm aflxl/Pkl\5 ufpFdf j[4x¿sf] ;+Vof a9\b} uPsf] 5 . dlxnfn] v]tLb]lv kl/jf/ Joj:yfkg;Ddsf] bf]xf]/f]–t]xf]/f] lhDd]jf/L jxg ug{'k/]sf] 5 . o;n] dlxnfsf] of]ubfg a9fPsf] 5, t/ pgLx¿sf] sfo{af]em klg c:jfefljs ¿kdf a9]]sf] 5 .

rf}yf], k/Dk/fut 1fg k|0ffnL sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . s[lif, kz'kfng, :yfgLo aLp, hn Joj:yfkg, jg ;+/If0f / :yfgLo ;Lk;DaGwL k':tfGt/0f cj?4 x'g yfn]sf] 5. ha ufpFdf o'jf g} 5}gg\ eg] cg'ejsf] x:tfGt0f s;nfO{ ug]{<

 

kfFrf}F, ;a}eGbf uDeL/ t/ sd rrf{ ePsf] kIf eg]sf] ;fdflhs k'FhLsf] Ifo xf]. ;fdflhs k'FhL a}+sdf hDdf x'g] /sd xf]OgÙ of] ;d'bfoleq ;l~rt x'g] ljZjf;, ;xsfo{ / ;femf pQ/bfloTj xf]. ha ;d'bfosf ;lqmo ;b:ox¿ nfdf] ;do;Dd cg'kl:yt x'G5g\, To:tf ;DaGwx¿ klg qmdzM sdhf]/ aGb} hfG5g\.

 

$= g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f ljsf;nfO{ gofF b[li6sf]0faf6 x]g]{ ;do eof]

 

g]kfnn] ljutsf bzsx¿df ;8s, ljB't\, ljBfno, :jf:Yo ;+:yf / ;~rf/ k"jf{wf/df pNn]vgLo k|ult u/]sf] 5 . oL pknlAwx¿ ljsf;sf nflu cToGt cfjZos lyP / cfufdL lbgdf klg /xg]5g\. t/ cfhsf] r'gf}tL k"jf{wf/ lgdf{0f dfq xf]OgÙ pTkfbgzLn ;dfh lgdf{0f xf]. ljsf;nfO{ rf/ k|sf/sf k'FhLx¿sf] ;+of]hgsf ¿kdf x]g{ ;lsG5 . tLx'gM

·     k|fs[lts k'FhL h:t} hldg, jg, kfgL / h}ljs ljljwtf.

·     ef}lts k'FhL h:t} ;8s, l;+rfO, pmhf{, k|ljlw / ljQLo nufgL.

·     dfgjLo k'FhL h:t}lzIff, :jf:Yo, ;Lk / gjk|jt{g Ifdtf.

 

t/ oL tLg} k|sf/sf k'FhL k|efjsf/L aGg ;fdflhs k'FhL ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . olb ;dfhdf ljZjf; 5}g, ;+:yf sdhf]/ 5g\, ;xsfo{sf] ;+:s[lt x/fpFb} uPsf] 5 / ;fd"lxs pQ/bfloTj ;dfKt x'Fb} uPsf] 5 eg] ef}lts nufgLsf] k|ltkmn klg ;Lldt /xG5.

 

o;}n] g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f cy{tGqsf] k'glg{df0f s[lif ;'wf/sf] dfq sfo{qmd xf]OgÙ of] ;+:yfut k'ghf{u/0f -O{G:6LRo';gn l/Go'Pjn_ sf] klg sfo{qmd xf]. :yfgLo ;/sf/, ;xsf/L ;+:yf, ls;fg pTkfbs ;d"x, ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, l;+rfO ;ldlt, dlxnf ;d"x, o'jf Sna tyf gful/s ;+:yfx¿nfO{ pTkfbg / pBdzLntfsf] s]G›sf ¿kdf k'gM :yflkt ug{ cfjZos 5.

 

o; n]vsf] d"n ts{ oxL xf] ls g]kfnsf] cfly{s eljio ljb]zdf sfd ug]{ g]kfnLsf] ;+Vofn] xf]Og, g]kfnleq cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{ ;d'bfo / ;+:yfsf] Ifdtfn] lgwf{/0f ug]{5 . ljk|]if0fnfO{ ljsf;sf] clGtd uGtJo xf]Og, pTkfbgd"ns ¿kfGt/0fsf] dfWod agfpg ;Sg'k5{. cfly{s gLlt ca æslt ljk|]if0f cfof]<æ eGg] k|Zgdf dfq s]lG›t x'g ;Sb}gÙ æslt :yfgLo pTkfbg a9\of]<æ, æslt o'jf ufpFd} pBdL ag]<æ, æslt ;fd'bflos ;+:yf cfly{s ¿kdf ;Ifd eP<æ / æ;dfhleqsf] ljZjf; slt alnof] eof]<æ eGg] k|Zgx¿ ljsf; ax;sf] s]G›df cfpg'kg]{ a]nf cfPsf] 5 .

 

%= u|fdL0f g]kfnsf] ;dfhzf:q, /fhgLlts cy{zf:q / ;fdflhs k'FhLsf] k'ghf{u/0f

 

g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f ;+s6 s]jn s[lifsf] ;+s6 df1 xf]Og, of] ;fdflhs / ;+:yfut ;+s6 klg xf]. To;}n] u|fdL0f cy{tGqnfO{ k'ghL{ljt ug{ s[lif pTkfbg a9fpg' dfq kof{Kt x'Fb}gÙ ;dfhleq /x]sf] ljZjf;, ;xsfo{, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf / ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTjnfO{ klg k'ghL{ljt ug{'k5{.

 

ljsf;sf] ax;df xfdL k|foM ah]6, nufgL, k"jf{wf/ / ahf/sf] rrf{ u5f}{+. t/ s'g} klg ;dfhsf] cfly{s Ifdtf ToxfFsf] ;fdflhs ;DaGw, ;+:yfut u'0f:t/ / gful/sx¿sf] cfk;L ljZjf;;Fu klg plQs} hf]l8Psf] x'G5 . oxL sf/0fn] cfh ljZje/ ljsf; cy{zf:q, /fhgLlts cy{zf:q / ljsf; ;dfhzf:qn] ;fdflhs k'FhL -;f];n Soflk6n_ nfO{ ljsf;sf] rf}yf] cfwf/:tDesf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug{ yfn]sf 5g\.

 

%=! ;fdflhs k'FhLM u|fdL0f cy{tGqsf] cb[Zo k"jf{wf/

 

s'g} klg ufpFdf ;8s, ljB't\, l;FrfO jf ahf/ x'g' cfjZos 5. t/ log} k"jf{wf/ ePsf b'O{ ufpFdWo] Pp6fn] pNn]vgLo cfly{s k|ult ug{ ;S5 eg] csf]{ ufpF lsg kl5 k5{< o;sf] pQ/ s]jn ef}lts k"jf{wf/df xf]Og, ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf vf]Hg'k5{.

 

/f]a6{ k6\gfd -Putnam, !((#Ù @)))_ sf cg';f/ gful/saLrsf] ljZjf;, ;fd'bflos ;xeflutf, :jo+;]jL efjgf / ;xsfo{sf] ;+:s[ltn] ;dfhsf] cfly{s / /fhgLlts sfo{Ifdtf lgwf{/0f u5{. h]D; sf]nDofg -Coleman, !(**_n] ;fdflhs ;DaGwnfO{ pTkfbgzLn ;DklQ -k|8S6Le l/;f];]{;\_ sf] ¿kdf JofVof u/]sf 5g\ eg] lko/] af]/B' -Bourdieu, !(*^_ sf cg';f/ ;fdflhs ;~hfn :jo+ Pp6f k"FhL xf], h;n] JolQmnfO{ cfly{s cj;/ pknAw u/fpF5 .

 

g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f ;dfhdf ;fdflhs k'FhLsf] :j¿k lgs} ;d[4 lyof]. l5d]sLaLrsf] ljZjf;, cfkmGtaLrsf] ;xof]u, ufpFsf] ;fd"lxs lg0f{o k|0ffnL, wfld{s tyf ;f+:s[lts ;+:yfx¿, ;xsf/L, jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, ls;fg ;d"x, cfdf ;d"x, o'jf Sna / k/Dk/fut Gofo k0ffnLn] cfly{s ultljlwnfO{ ;xh agfpFy].

oL ;a}nfO{ ;dfhzf:qsf] efiffdf cgf}krfl/s ;+:yf -O{g\kmd{n\ O{G:6LRo';g;\_ elgG5 . logsf] cl:tTj s'g} sfg'gdf n]lvPsf] gx'g ;S5, t/ Jojxf/df logn] cy{tGq ;~rfng ug]{ dxQ\jk"0f{ lgod lgdf{0f u/]sf x'G5g\.

 

pbfx/0fsf nflu, Pp6} ufpFsf ls;fgx¿n] Pp6} ;dodf wfg /f]Kg] lg0f{o ubf{ l;FrfO Joj:yfkg ;xh x'G5. ;fd"lxs ¿kdf dn jf aLp vl/b ubf{ nfut 36\5 . Pp6} a|fG8df pTkfbg laqmL ubf{ ahf/df k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf a95 . ;xsf/Ldfkm{t art / C0f kl/rfng ubf{ a}+lsª kx'Fr gePsf ;d'bfon] klg pBd ug{ ;S5g\. oL ;a}sf] cfwf/ k};f xf]OgÙ ljZjf; xf].

 

cy{zf:qdf o;nfO{ n]gb]g nfut -6«fGHofS;gn s:6_ 36\g] k|lqmof elgG5 . ha ;dfhdf ljZjf; alnof] x'G5, sfg'gL ;Demf}tf, lgu/fgL, ljjfb ;dfwfg / hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] nfut 36\5 . kmn:j¿k pTkfbg a9\5, nufgLsf] jftfj/0f ;'wf/ x'G5 / pBdzLntf lj:tf/ x'G5 .

o; cy{df ;fdflhs k'FhL cb[Zo eP klg cfly{s b[li6n] cToGt zlQmzfnL k"jf{wf/ xf].

 

%=@ u|fdL0f g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts cy{zf:qM lsg ljsf; ;dfg ¿kdf x'g ;s]g<

 

g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] rrf{ ubf{ s]jn ahf/ jf s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ dfq x]g{' kof{Kt x'Fb}g. ljsf;nfO{ /fhgLlts cy{zf:qsf] b[li6af6 klg ljZn]if0f ug{'k5{. lsgeg] ljsf;sf cj;/x¿ ;dfhdf ;dfg ¿kdf ljt/0f ePsf 5}gg\.

 

g]kfndf hldgsf] cTolws v08Ls/0f, s[lif pTkfbgsf] ;fgf] cfsf/, ;Lldt l;+rfO ;'ljwf, sdhf]/ ahf/ kx'Fr, c;dfg k"jf{wf/, ;Lldt ljQLo kx'Fr tyf :yfgLo pBf]usf] Go"g ljsf;n] u|fdL0f cy{tGqnfO{ sdhf]/ agfPsf] 5 . oL ;d:ofx¿ k|fs[lts sf/0feGbf a9L gLltut / ;+:yfut sf/0fn] pTkGg ePsf x'g\.

 

ljut tLg bzsdf ljk|]if0fn] u|fdL0f ul/aL sd ug{ ;xof]u u/] klg o;n] pTkfbgd"ns ;+/rgfut ;'wf/nfO{ ck]lIft ult lbg ;s]g. lsgeg] cfly{s j[l4sf] 7"nf] lx:;f 3/]n' pTkfbgaf6 xf]Og, afXo cfDbfgLaf6 ;~rflnt eof]. o;n] Pp6f ljlrq cj:yf l;h{gf u¥of]. ufpFdf cfDbfgL a9\of] t/ pTkfbg 36\of]. 3/x¿ cfw'lgs ag] t/ v]t afFlemP. df]6/;fOsnsf] ;+Vof a9\of] t/ s[lifdf >ldssf] ;+Vof 36\of]. pkef]u lj:tf/ eof] t/ :yfgLo pBf]u lj:tf/ ePg.

sfn{ kf]nfGoL -!($$_ n] o:tf] cj:yfnfO{ æ;dfhaf6 cnu ePsf] ahf/æ -l8:O{Da]8]8 dfs]{6_ sf] ¿kdf j0f{g u/]sf lyP. ahf/ lj:tf/ eof], t/ To;nfO{ ;Gt'ngdf /fVg] ;fdflhs / ;+:yfut ;+/rgf ;dfg ultdf ljsl;t x'g ;s]g.

 

8un; gy{ -!(()_ n] ljsf;sf nflu ;+:yfut u'0f:t/nfO{ lg0ff{os dfg]sf 5g\. pgsf cg';f/ /fd|f] ;+:yf eg]sf] s]jn sfg'g dfq ePsf] ;+:yf xf]OgÙ Tof] ljZj;gLo, pQ/bfoL, kf/bzL{ / k"jf{g'dfg ug{ ;lsg] ;+:yf xf]. oxL ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfn] :yfgLo ;/sf/nfO{ P]ltxfl;s cj;/ lbPsf] 5 . ca :yfgLo ;/sf/ s]jn ;]jf k|jfx ug]{ lgsfo xf]Og, :yfgLo cfly{s ljsf;sf] k|d'v ;+of]hs aGg'kg]{ cj:yf cfPsf] 5 . olb :yfgLo txn] s[lif, ko{6g, ;fgf pBf]u, ;xsf/L, ;Lk ljsf;, l8lh6n ;]jf / lghL nufgLnfO{ Pp6} :yfgLo ljsf; /0fgLltdf hf]8\g ;s] eg] u|fdL0f cy{tGqdf u'0ffTds kl/jt{g ;Dej 5 eGg] nfU5 dnfO{ .

 

%=# s]o/ Osf]gf]dLM u|fdL0f cy{tGqsf] pk]lIft cfwf/

 

g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f cy{tGqsf] csf]{ cToGt dxQ\jk"0f{ t/ sd rlr{t kIf xf] s]o/ Osf]gf]dL . cGt/f{li6«o >d ;+u7g -ILO, @)!*_ sf cg';f/ s]o/ Osf]gf]dL eGgfn] afnaflnsfsf] x]/rfx, j[4j[4fsf] ;]jf, la/fdLsf] :ofxf/, 3/ Joj:yfkg, vfgf ksfpg], kfgL Nofpg], bfp/f ;+sng ug]{, ;/;kmfO ug]{, efjgfTds ;xof]u ug]{ tyf ;d'bfodf ul/g] ljleGg cj}tlgs ;]jfx¿nfO{ hgfp5F .

oL sfdx¿ ahf/df laqmL x'Fb}gg\, To;}n] s"n ufx{:Yo pTkfbgdf u0fgf x'Fb}gg\. t/ log} sfdlagf s'g} klg cy{tGq ;~rfng x'g ;Sb}g. g]kfndf ljz]ifu/L dlxnfn] of] lhDd]jf/L jxg ub}{ cfPsf 5g\. k'?ifx¿ ljb]z uPkl5 dlxnfn] v]tLkftL, kz'kfng, afnaflnsfsf] lzIff, j[4j[4fsf] :ofxf/, 3/sf] cfly{s Joj:yfkg, ;fdflhs sfo{qmd tyf ;fd'bflos ;+:yfdf g]t[Tj;d]t Ps};fy ;DxfNg'k/]sf] 5 . o;n] dlxnfsf] ;fdflhs e"ldsf lj:tf/ t u/]sf] 5, t/ pgLx¿sf] sfo{af]em klg cTolws a9fPsf] 5 .  pgLx¿n] pTkfbgd"ns >d / k'g?Tkfbgd"ns -/Lk|f]8S6Le_ >d b'j} ug{'k/]sf] 5 .

 

cdTo{ ;]g -!(((_ n] ljsf;nfO{ dflg;sf] Ifdtf lj:tf/;Fu hf]8]sf5g\. olb dlxnfsf] clwsf+z ;do cj}tlgs >dd} vr{ x'G5 eg] pgLx¿sf] pBdzLntf, ;Lk ljsf;, g]t[Tj / cfo cfh{gsf cj;/ :jtM ;Lldt x'G5g\. o;}n] s]o/ Osf]gf]dLnfO{ ;fdflhs sNof0fsf] ljifo dfq xf]Og, cfly{s ljsf;sf] ljifosf ¿kdf lng'k5{. u|fdL0f If]qdf afn x]/rfx s]G›, j[4 ;]jf s]G›, ;'/lIft vfg]kfgL, :jR5 pmhf{, u'0f:t/Lo :jf:Yo ;]jf, >d art ug]{ k|ljlw tyf dlxnfd}qL s[lif pks/0fdf ul/g] nufgL jf:tjdf pTkfbsTj a9fpg] cfly{s nufgL xf]. o; k|sf/sf] nufgLn] dlxnfsf] ;do arfpF5, cfocfh{gsf cj;/ a9fpF5 / ;du| dfgj k'FhL ljsf;df ;sf/fTds k|efj kfb{5.

 

%=$ ;fd'bflos ;+:yfM g]kfnsf] 7"nf] k|lt:kwf{Tds nfesf] If]q

g]kfnsf w]/} ;kmn ljsf; sfo{qmdx¿sf] ljZn]if0f ubf{ Pp6f ;dfg ljz]iftf b]lvG5 Tof] xf] yfgLo ;d'bfosf] :jfldTj. ;fd'bflos jg sfo{qmd o;sf] pTs[i6 pbfx/0f xf]. ljZj a}+s, ljZj s[lif ;+u7g tyf Plng/ cf]:6«f]dh:tf ljåfgx¿n] g]kfnsf] ;fd'bflos jg Joj:yfkgnfO{ ljZjs} ;kmn ;fd'bflos ;|f]t Joj:yfkg df]8]ndWo] Ps dfg]sf 5g\. cfh b]ze/ xhf/f}F ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] jg ;+/If0f, h}ljs ljljwtf, cfocfh{g, dlxnf g]t[Tj / :yfgLo zf;gnfO{ ;'b[9 agfPsf 5g\.

o;}u/L b'Uw ;xsf/L, ;fgf art ;d"x, dlxnf ;d"x, ls;fg pTkfbs ;d"x tyf l;FrfO pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿n] klg :yfgLo cy{tGqdf dxTjk"0f{ of]ubfg lbPsf 5g\. o;n] Pp6f :ki6 ;Gb]z s] lbG5 eg] g]kfnsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;DklQ dWo k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cnfjf ;d'bfo cfkm}+ g} xf].

 

t/ kl5Nnf jif{x¿df s]xL ;xsf/L ;+:yfdf b]lvPsf ljQLo clgoldttf, sdhf]/ ;'zf;g / kf/blz{tfsf] cefjn] ;fd'bflos ;+:yfdflysf] ljZjf;df wSsf k'u]sf] 5 . ljZjf; Psk6s u'd]kl5 k'gM :yflkt ug{ w]/} ;do nfU5. To;}n] cfufdL bzssf] r'gf}tL gofF ;+:yf agfpg] xf]OgÙ ePsf ;+:yfnfO{ ;Ifd, pQ/bfoL / kf/bzL{ agfpg] xf]. ;fd'bflos ;+:yfnfO{ cfw'lgs Joj:yfkg, l8lh6n n]vf k|0ffnL, Jofj;flos g]t[Tj, ljQLo cg'zf;g / ;fdflhs pQ/bfloTj;Fu hf8\g cfjZos 5.

 

%=% ahf/eGbf klg dxQ\jk"0f{ lsg x'G5 ;xsfo{<

 

ljut s]xL bzsdf ljsf; gLltdf ahf/nfO{ cTolws dxQ\j lbOof]. lg:;Gb]x, k|lt:kwf{, lghL nufgL / v'nf ahf/n] gjk|jt{g tyf cfly{s j[l4 a9fpg ;xof]u ub{5. t/ u|fdL0f g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df ahf/n] dfq ;a} ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sb}g. g]kfnsf clwsf+z ls;fg ;fgf hldg ePsf 5g\. pgLx¿n] JolQmut ¿kdf ahf/;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug{ ;Sb}gg\. pgLx¿sf] pTkfbg ;fgf] x'G5, nfut a9L x'G5 / df]ntf]n ug]{ Ifdtf sdhf]/ x'G5 . olb ls;fgx¿ ;xsf/L jf pTkfbs ;d"xdf ;+ul7t eP eg] Pp6} a|fG8df pTkfbg laqmL ug{ ;S5g\, k|zf]wg pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ ;S5g\, 9'jfgL nfut 36fpg ;S5g\, lgof{t ahf/df k|j]z ug{ ;S5g\ / cfw'lgs k|ljlw ;femf ug{ ;S5g\. o;}n] ;fdflhs ;DaGw cfly{s k|lt:kwf{sf] ljsNk xf]OgÙ k|lt:kwf{nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg] cfwf/ xf].

 

dfOsn j'nss -Woolcock, !((*_ n] ljsf;sf nflu aG8Lª, la|lhª / lnª\lsª\ ;f];n Soflk6nsf] cjwf/0ff lbPsf 5g\. of] cjwf/0ff cg';f/ ;d'bfoleqsf] ljZjf;, ;d'bfoaLrsf] ;xsfo{ / ;d'bfo tyf ;/sf/ jf lghL If]qaLrsf] ;DaGw alnof] eof] eg] ljsf; lbuf] x'G5 . t];}n] g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f cy{tGqsf] k'glg{df{0fsf nflu oL tLg} k|sf/sf ;fdflhs k'FhL cfjZos 5g\.

 

^= cjsf]af6f] pTkfbgzLn ;dfh lgdf{0ftkm{

 

g]kfnsf] u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] bf];|f] r/0f ca s]jn ;8s, k'n / ejg lgdf{0fdf dfq ;Lldt /xg' x'b}g. cj cfufdL d"n sfd  pTkfbgzLn ;dfh lgdf{0fsf] x'g'k5{. o;sf nflu :yfgLo ;/sf/, lghL If]q, ;xsf/L, ljZjljBfno, cg';Gwfg ;+:yf, gful/s ;dfh / ;d'bfoaLr gofF ;fem]bf/L cfjZos 5.

ljsf;sf] s]G› æ;/sf/n] s] u¥of]<æ eGg] k|Zgaf6 æ;d'bfon] ;/sf/;Fu ldn]/ s] u¥of]<æ eGg] k|Zgtkm{ ;g{'k5{. ljZjf;, ;xsfo{, ;fd'bflos g]t[Tj, dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f, :yfgLo gjk|jt{g, kf/bzL{ ;+:yf / ;femf pQ/bfloTjdf cfwfl/t u|fdL0f cy{tGqn] dfq g]kfnnfO{ ljk|]if0fdf cTolws lge{/ cj:yfaf6 qmdzM cfTdlge{/ / pTkfbgd'vL cy{tGqtkm{ n}hfg ;S5 .

 

^=! ljk|]if0f lge{/tf, ljZjJofkL hf]lvd / g]kfnsf] j}slNks u|fdL0f ljsf; dfu{

 

g]kfnsf] cfly{s ofqfdf ljk|]if0fn] lglj{jfb ¿kdf P]ltxfl;s e"ldsf v]n]sf] 5. o;n] ul/aL 36fPsf] 5, nfvf}F kl/jf/sf] hLjg:t/ ;'wf/ u/]sf] 5, lzIff / :jf:Yodf kx'Fr lj:tf/ u/]sf] 5 tyf ljb]zL d'›f ;l~rltnfO{ dha't agfPsf] 5. t/ s'g} klg cfly{s pknlAwsf] d"NofÍg s]jn tTsfnLg nfesf cfwf/df dfq ug{ ;lsFb}g. bL3{sfnLg :yfloTj, pTkfbg Ifdtf, cfTdlge{/tf / eljiosf k':tfsf cj;/x¿nfO{ klg ;dfg dxQ\j lbg'k5{.

 

cfh g]kfnsf] d'Vo r'gf}tL oxL xf], ljk|]if0fnfO{ s;/L pkof]uL cfly{s ;|f]t agfpg] t/ To;}df lge{/ /xg] cj:yfaf6 s;/L aflx/ lg:sg]< ljk|]if0f cfkm}+ ;d:of xf]Og. ;d:of ta pTkGg x'G5 ha Pp6f b]zsf] cfly{s k0ffnLsf] k|d'v cfwf/ g} cfˆgf gful/sn] ljb]zdf sdfPsf] cfDbfgL aGg k'U5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf 3/]n' pTkfbg, /f]huf/L l;h{gf, cf}Bf]lusLs/0f, s[lif ¿kfGt/0f / :yfgLo pBdzLntfsf] ljsf; sdhf]/ x'g ;S5 .

g]kfn ca o:tf] df]8df k'u]sf] 5 hxfF ljk|]if0fnfO{ lj:yfkg ug]{ xf]Og, To;nfO{ pTkfbgzLn ¿kfGt/0fsf] ;fwg agfpFb} gofF cfly{s cfwf/ lgdf{0f ug{'kg]{ cfjZostf 5 .

 

ljk|]if0fdf cfwfl/t cy{tGq clxn] lgs} hf]lvdk"0f{ aGb} uPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf] ljk|]if0f cy{tGqsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] sdhf]/L o;sf] afXo lge{/tf xf]. ljb]zdf sfd ug]{ g]kfnL >ldsx¿sf] /f]huf/L g]kfnsf] lgoGq0fdf x'Fb}g. cGt/f{li6«o /fhgLlt, ljZj cy{tGq, >d ahf/, k|ljlw / cfk|jf;g gLltdf x'g] kl/jt{gn] g]kfnsf] cy{tGqnfO{ k|ToIf c;/ ug{ ;S5 .

 

dWok"j{sf] ;+s6 / laZj e"–/fhgLlts kl/jt{g g]kfnsf] ljk|]if0fsf]nflu hf]lvd b]lvPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf 7"nf] ;+Vofsf >ldsx¿ vf8L d'n'sx¿df sfo{/t 5g\. stf/, ;fpbL c/a, ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6\;, s'j]t, cf]dfg / ax/fOgh:tf d'n'sx¿ g]kfnL >ldssf k|d'v uGtJo x'g\. oL b]zx¿sf] cy{tGq pmhf{ ahf/, ljz]if u/L t]n / Uof;;Fu glhsaf6 hf]l8Psf] 5 .

 

dWok"j{df a9\bf] tgfj, o'4, If]qLo zlQm ;+3if{, pmhf{ ahf/df ptf/r9fj tyf cGt/f{li6«o k|ltaGwx¿n] ToxfFsf] >d ahf/nfO{ k|efljt ug{ ;S5g\. g]kfnn] k|ToIf ¿kdf s'g} åGådf efu glnP klg To;sf] cfly{s c;/ ljk|]if0fdfkm{t g]kfn;Dd cfOk'U5 .

 

sf]le8 !( dxfdf/Ln] o;sf] :ki6 k|df0f lbPsf] lyof]. xhf/f}F g]kfnL >lds crfgs /f]huf/L u'dfP/ :jb]z kms{g afWo ePsf lyP. sltkosf] cfDbfgL 36\of], sltkosf] s/f/ ;dfKt eof] / w]/} kl/jf/ cfly{s ;+s6df k/]sf lyP. oBlk ljk|]if0f ck]IffeGbf l56f] k'gM a9\of], dxfdf/Ln] Pp6f dxTjk"0f{ kf7 l;sfof . Tof] xf] ljb]zL >d ahf/ ;w}F ;'lglZrt / ;'/lIft x'Fb}g.

 

ljZj >d ahf/df kl/jt{g cfpbf g]kfnn] r'gf}tL eU5 . g]kfnsf] k/Dk/fut j}b]lzs /f]huf/L d'VotM sd ;Lk ePsf >ldsdf cfwfl/t 5. lgdf{0f, ;'/Iff, 3/]n' sfd, ;]jf If]q / ;fdfGo >ddf g]kfnLx¿sf] 7"nf] pkl:ylt 5 . t/ ljZj >d ahf/ tLj| ultn] kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 . :jrfng -c6f]d];g_, s[lqd af}l4stf -cfl6{lkml;Pn O{G6]lnh]G;\_, /f]af]l6S; / l8lh6n k|ljlwn] sd ;Lk ePsf >ldssf] dfunfO{ qmdzM k|efljt ul//x]sf 5g\. eljiodf cGt/f{li6«o >d ahf/n] s]jn >lds xf]Og, ;Lko'Qm >lds vf]Hg]5. hfkfg, blIf0f sf]l/of, o'/f]k tyf cGo ljsl;t cy{tGqx¿df j[4 hg;+Vof a9\b} uPsf]n] pgLx¿n] :jf:Yo ;]jf, k|ljlw, OlGhlgol/ª, s[lif k|ljlw, x]/rfx ;]jf / k|fljlws If]qdf bIf hgzlQm vf]lh/x]sf 5g\. o; ;Gbe{df g]kfnsf] r'gf}tL bf]xf]/f] b]lvG5 . Psflt/ b]zleqsf] pTkfbgzLn o'jf zlQm ljb]z uO/x]sf] 5Ù csf]{lt/ eljiosf] cGt/f{li6«o ahf/sf nflu cfjZos pRr ;Lk ljsf; ug{ g]kfn cem} k5fl8 g} 5. olb g]kfnn] s]jn ;:tf] >d lgof{tdf cfwfl/t gLlt g} hf/L /fVof] eg] bL3{sfndf k|lt:kwf{Tds Ifdtf sdhf]/ e} hl6n ;dZof pTkGg x'g ;S5. uGtJo d'n'ssf] hg;f+lVos kl/jt{g klg g]kfnsf] nflu csf]{ ;/f]sf/ aGb} u}/x]sf] 5 . of] cj:yf g]kfn dfq xf]Og, >lds lng] b]zx¿ hg;f+lVos kl/jt{gaf6 u'lh|/x]sfn] /f]hufl/sf cj;/x?t cfpg klg ;S5g\ t/ lt lbuf] gx'g ;S5g\.

hfkfg, blIf0f sf]l/of / o'/f]ksf w]/} b]zx¿ j[4 ;dfhdf ¿kfGt/0f eO/x]sf 5g\. o;n] eljiodf x]/rfx ;]jf, :jf:Yo ;]jf / bIf >ldssf] dfu a9fpg] ;Defjgf t 5 t/ s]lx b;s kl5 g]kfn g} olx cj:yfaf6 u'h|g] 5 . ptf vf8L d'n'sx¿df klg cfˆgf gful/snfO{ /f]huf/L lbg] gLlt cyf{t n]a/ g];gnfO{h];g al9/x]sf] 5 .  ;fy} xf ;asf; ePsf k|ljlwx?sf] k|of]un] vf; vf; If]qdf ljb]zL >ldssf] cfjZostf lgs} 36fpg] ;Defjgf a9b} uPsf]5. o;}n] g]kfnn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/LnfO{ :yfoL cfo >f]tsf] ?kdf x}g s]jn kl/jt{gzLn cj;/sf ¿kdf dfq a'lem /0fgLlt agfpg'k{b5 .

 

^=@ g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s hg;f+lVos r'gf}tL

 

ljk|]if0f / j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf] csf]{ dxTjk"0f{ k|efj g]kfnsf] cfGtl/s hg;f+lVos ;+/rgfdf b]lvPsf]5. w]/} u|fdL0f If]qdf clxn] o'jf hg;+Vof 36\b} uPsf] 5. sltko ufpFdf ljBfnodf ljBfyL{ ;+Vof 36]sf] 5, v]tL ug]{ hgzlQm sd ePsf] 5, j[4 hg;+Vof a9]sf] 5 / ;fd'bflos g]t[Tj sdhf]/ x'Fb} uPsf] 5 . o;nfO{ s]jn æhg;+Vof 36]sf]æ ;d:of eg]/ a'‰g' kof{Kt 5}g. of] cfly{s ;+/rgf;Fu hf]l8Psf] hl6n ;d:of xf]. ha ufpFaf5 pTkfbgzLn pd]/ ;d"x aflxl/G5, To;n] tLgj6f c;/ kfb{5M

klxnf],] pTkfbg Ifdtf 365 . bf];|f], :yfgLo ahf/ sdhf]/ x'G5 / t];|f], ;d'bfo ;~rfng ug]{ ;+:yfut Ifdtf sdhf]/ x'G5 . o;/L hg;f+lVos kl/jt{gn] cfly{s kl/jt{gnfO{ k|ToIf k|efljt kfb5{.

cj o'jfnfO{ g]kfnd} cj;/sf] >[hgf ug]{ /0fgLlt ckl/xfo{ e};s]sf] 5 . o'jfnfO{ ljb]z hfg g} /f]Sg' Jojxfl/s gLlt xf]Og. dflg;sf] ultzLntf :jfefljs k|lqmof xf]. t];}n] /fHosf] p2]Zo o:tf] x'g'k5{ ls dflg;nfO{ ljb]z hfg] afWotf xf]Og, s]jn ljsNk dfq agf];\. o;sf nflu g]kfnn] u|fdL0f If]qdf ;Ddfghgs / pTkfbgzLn cj;/ l;h{gf ug{' kb{5.

 

t]:sfnflu s[lifsf] k'g?Tyfg Ps xf] . ls;fgnfO{ k/Dk/fut v]tLaf6 Jofj;flos s[liftkm{ cfs{ifs ug]{ /0fgLlt x'g' kb{5 . g]kfnsf] s[lif cem} 7"nf] ;Defjgf ePsf] If]q xf]. t/ s[lif ca s]jn hLljsf]kfh{gsf] dfWod eP/ k'Ub}gÙ o;nfO{ Joj;fosf ¿kdf ljsf; ug{' clt cfjZos e};ss]sf] 5 . o;sf nfluM cfw'lgs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u, l;FrfO lj:tf/, s[lif ofGqLsLs/0f, pRr d"Nosf afnLdf s]lGb|t, h}ljs pTkfbg, s[lif k|zf]wg pBf]u, ahf/sf] ;'lglZrttf / ahf/;Fu k|ToIf hf]l8g] k0ffnLsf] lasf;, s[lif If]qsf] ;+/If0f, s[lif ;';f;g, cflb ;'lglZrt ug{ clt cfjZos 5.

 

o'jfnfO{ s[lifdf cfslif{t ug{ æls;fgæ eGg] ;fdflhs 5ljnfO{ kl/jt{g ug{'kb{5. cfw'lgs s[lif Ps Joj;fo, pBd / k|ljlwdf cfwfl/t If]q xf] eGg] wf/0ff ljsf; ug{'k{5. Hf:n] ubf{ o'jf s[lif pBdLnfO{ cfs[lift ug{ ;sf]; .

 

^=# u|fdL0f pBdzLntfsf] lj:tf/

 

u|fdL0f cy{tGq s[lif dfq xf]Og. g]kfnsf ufpFx¿df ko{6g, h8La'6L, kz'kfng, dT:okfng, x:tsnf, :yfgLo vfB pTkfbg, gjLs/0fLo pmhf{, l8lh6n ;]jf / ;fgf pBf]usf] 7"nf] ;Defjgf 5 . xfdLn] :yfgLo ;|f]tnfO{ :yfgLo d"No z[+vnf;Fu hf8]\g ;s]df ufpFd} /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{ ;lsG5 .

 

pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;/sf/sf] ;lx gLlt / ;xof]u x"g] xf] eg] ls;fgn] sRrf b"w a]Rg'sf] ;§f :yfgLo b'Uw k|zf]wg pBf]u :yfkgf ug{ ;S5g\. ls;fgn] skmL, lrof jf kmnkm"n pTkfbg dfq xf]Og, k|zf]wg / a|flG8ª dfkm{t a9L cfDbfgL lng ;S5g\.

 

^=$ lkmtf{ ePsf cfk|jf;L kl/rngsf] cj;/

 

ljb]zaf6 kms]{sf g]kfnLx¿nfO{ cfly{s las;df s[lif pWold, Aodj;foLsf ?kdf lasf; ul/ /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ >[hgf ug{ ;lsG5 . lsgls pgLx¿;Fu cGt/f{li6«o cg'ej x'G5, gofF k|ljlwsf] 1fg x'G5, art k"FhL x'G5, Joj:yfkg ;Lk, x'G5, cGt/f{li6«o ;Dks{ x'G5, cfTd laZjf; x'G5 . t];}n] /fHon] kms]{sf cfk|jf;LnfO{ pBdL agfpg] gLlt lng'k{b5. o;sf nflu /fHon] pBd :yfkgfdf ;xof]u, ;x'lnot C0f, Joj;fo k/fdz{, ahf/ kx'Fr, Aofj;fosfnflu ;xh jftfj/0f h:tf sfo{qmd cfjZos kb{5 .

 

&= ;fdflhs k'FhLnfO{ cfly{s gLltsf] s]G›df /fVg]

 

g]kfnsf] efjL u|fdL0f ljsf; s]jn ah]6 / of]hgfaf6 ;Dej x'Fb}g. To;sf nflu ;fdflhs ;DaGw / ;+:yfut IfdtfnfO{ ljsf;sf] s]G›df /fVg'kb{5 . ;fd'bflos jg, ;xsf/L, ls;fg ;d"x, dlxnf ;d"x, l;+rfO ;ldlt / :yfgLo ;+:yfx¿nfO{ cfw'lgs cfly{s ;+:yfdf ¿kfGt/0f ug{'kb{5 . o;sf nflu kf/blz{tf / ;'zf;g cToGt cfjZos 5 . sdhf]/ Joj:yfkg ePsf ;+:yfn] ljZjf; gi6 u5{g\ eg] ;Ifd ;+:yfn] cfly{s ¿kfGt/0f ;Dej agfpF5g\. o;}n] g]kfnsf] ljsf; /0fgLltdf Pp6f gofF dfGotf :yflkt x'g' kb{5 Tof] e] eg] “;fdflhs k'FhL klg cfly{s k'FhL xf]” eGg] efjgf / dfGotf cEof; . ljZjf;, ;xsfo{ / ;fd"lxs Ifdtfdf ul/Psf] nufgLsf] k|ltkmn bL3{sfnLg x'G5 / o;df /fHpsf] ;xhLs/0f k"j{ ;t{ xf] .

 

;fdflhs k'FhLnfO{ cfly{s gLltsf] s]G›df /fVg]  a}sNk eg]sf] u|fdL0f ljsf;sf] gof d8]n g} xf] . g]kfnnfO{ ca o:tf] ljsf; df]8]n cfjZos 5 h;n] ljk|]if0fnfO{ c:jLsf/ ub}{g, t/ To;nfO{ /fli6«o pTkfbg Ifdtf;Fu hf]85 \. O:tf] df]9]nsf k|d'v cfwf/x¿ lgDg x'g ;S5g\M klxnf], pTkfbgzLn u|fdL0f cy{tGq, s[lif, jg, kz'kfng, ko{6g / :yfgLo pBf]unfO{ /f]huf/Lsf] cfwf/ agfpg].

bf];|f], ;Ifd :yfgLo ;+:yfsf] lasf; ug]{ h:df :yfgLo ;/sf/, ;xsf/L, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf / pTkfbs ;d"xnfO{ cfly{s ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/ agfpg]. t];|f], ;fdflhs k'FhLsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ljZjf;, ;xsfo{ / ;fd"lxs lhDd]jf/LnfO{ ljsf;sf] ;DklQsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ug{]{. rf}yf], s]o/ Osf]gf]dLnfO{ dfGotf lbO{ dlxnfsf] cj}tlgs >dnfO{ cfly{s of]ubfgsf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ub}{ cfjZos ;]jf lj:tf/ ug]{ . kfFrf}F, o'jf pBdzLntf a9fO{ o'jfnfO{ s]jn j}b]lzs /f]huf/Lsf nflu tof/ ug]{ xf]Og, :jb]zd} cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{ Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ . 5}6f}F, xl/t / lbuf] cy{tGqsf] ljsf;sf]nflu g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts ;DkbfnfO{ ;+/If0f ub}{ cfly{s cj;/df ¿kfGt/0 ug]{ . ;ftf}F, ljk|]if0fnfO{ nufgLdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ k0ffnL ljsf/ ul/ ljb]zaf6 cfPsf] k"FhLnfO{ pTkfbg, pBf]u / :yfgLo pBd;Fu hf]8g] .

 

*= lgisif{M

 

g]kfnnfO{ >d lgof{t ug]{ b]zaf6 cj;/ l;h{gf ug]{ b]z agfpg] gLlt to ul/ ;f]lx cg'?k sfd ug]{ . g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs cfly{s Oltxf;df ljk|]if0fsf] of]ubfg cToGt dxTjk"0f{ 5 . o;n] nfvf}F dflg;sf] hLjg kl/jt{g u/]sf] 5 / cy{tGqnfO{ l:y/tf lbPsf]5 . t/ ca g]kfnsf] nIo s]jn a9L ljk|]if0f leTof{pg] x'g' x'Fb}g. Bl3{sfnLg ;d[l4sf nflu g]kfnn] Pp6f sl7g t/ cfjZos ¿kfGt/0f ug{'Kb{5 . Tof] xf] g]kfnnfO{ >d lgof{tdf cfwfl/t cy{tGqaf6 pTkfbg / cj;/ l;h{gfdf cfwfl/t cy{tGqtkm{ ?kfGt/0f ug]{. o;sf] cy{ ljb]z hfg aGb ug{' xf]Og. o;sf] cy{ g]kfnleq klg To:tf cj;/ l;h{gf ug{' xf] hxfF o'jf cfˆgf] OR5f / ;Defjgfsf cfwf/df lg0f{o lng ;s"g\.

 

g]kfnsf] jf:tljs zlQm s]jn ljb]zdf /x]sf nfvf}F >lds xf]Ogg\Ù g]kfnsf] zlQm cfˆgf ufpF, ;d'bfo, ;+:yf, k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fdflhs ;DaGwx¿df klg 5 . eljiosf] g]kfnsf] cy{tGq Tolta]nf dfq alnof] x'g]5 ha ufpF pTkfbgsf s]G› aGg]5g\, o'jf cj;/sf nflu afWo eP/ xf]Og, ljsNksf cfwf/df lg0f{o ug]{5g\, dlxnfsf] cb[Zo >dnfO{ cfly{s d"No lbOg]5, ;fd'bflos ;+:yf ljsf;sf ;fem]bf/ aGg]5g\, / ;fdflhs ljZjf;nfO{ /fli6«o ;DklQsf ¿kdf a'lemg]5 . ljk|]if0fn] g]kfnnfO{ sl7g ;do kf/ ug{ ;xof]u u¥of]. ca g]kfnsf] r'gf}tL eg]sf] ljk|]if0fn] lbPsf] ;do / cj;/nfO{ pkof]u ub}{ cfˆg} pTkfbgzLn, ;dfj]zL / lbuf] cy{tGq lgdf{0f ug{' xf]. cGttM g]kfnsf] cfly{s eljio ljb]zaf6 cfpg] k};fsf] dfq xf]Og, g]kfnleq l;h{gf x'g] ljZjf;, ;xsfo{, 1fg / pBdzLntfsf] eljio x'g]5 .

 

;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L

 

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