g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf] ‘h]g–hL’ o'jf lj›f]x / pgLx¿sf]
cfsf+Iff cg';f/sf] ;'zf;g
lji0f'/fh pk|]tL, lkPr8L
g]kfn hgk|zf;g ;+3
@^ cf}+ jflif{s ;fwf/0f;ef tyf /fli6«o ;Dd]ng
@)*@ ;fn kf}if !@ ut]
zlgjf/
ck{0f AofªSj]6, gofF
afg]Zj/ sf7df08f}
g]kfnsf] kl5Nnf] ‘h]g–hL’
o'jf lj›f]x / pgLx¿sf] cfsf+Iff cg';f/sf] ;'zf;g[1]
lji0f'/fh pk|]tL
;f/ (Abstract)
g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts kl/jt{gsf] nfdf] ofqfdf
o'jfx¿ ;w}+ cu|df]rf{df /x]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n]
zf;g Joj:yfsf] ¿kfGt/0f, ;fdflhs Gofo, klxrfg, nf]stGq, / dfgj clwsf/sf]
;+/If0f h:tf ;d;fdlos /fli6«o ;jfndf lg0ff{os e"ldsf lgefPsf 5g\ . g]kfnsf
;a} k|d'v cfGbf]ngx?df, Hf:t} @))&, @)#^, @)$@, @)$^, @)^@–^# / dfcf]jfbL ;z:q
åGåb]lv xfn}sf] ‘h]g–hL’ k':tfsf gjo'jfx?sf] cfw'lgs l8lh6n cfGbf]ng;Dd,
o'jfx? kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxs b]lvPsf 5g\ . o; n]vdf g]kfnsf o'jfx?n] u/]sf ljleGg cfGbf]ngx¿sf]
ljj/0f k|:t't ub}{ xfn} -@)*@ efb| @# / @$ ut]_ ePsf] o'jf -h]g–hL_ cfGbf]ng / To;sf]
k5fl8sf ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts sf/0fx¿ tyf pgLx¿n] ck]Iff u/]sf] ;'zf;gsf] :j¿k
ljZn]if0f ul/Psf] 5 . of] n]vsf] tYof+s ;+sng / ljZn]if0fsf nflu pknJw kqklqsf
/ ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ;dLIff, k|ToIf 5nkmn tyf cjnf]sg Pj+ ljj/0ffTds ljlwx?
Kf|of]u ul/Psf] 5 . of] n]vsf] lgisif{ s] 5 eg] o'jfx¿df b]lvPsf] lj›f]xsf] dgf]j[lQsf
cfwf/e"t sf/0fx?sf] ;Daf]wg ckl/xfo{ 5 . clxn] d'n'ssf] cy{–/fhgLlts tyf
zf;sLo ;+/rgfdf hl6n ?kdf /x]sf r'gf}tLx¿, h:t} o'jf ju{df km}lnPsf] lg/fzf, b]zdf
JofKt a]/f]huf/L / e|i6frf/ tyf zf;sLo ;+/rgfut sdhf]/Lsf] ;xL 9Ëaf6 ;Daf]wg
gug]{ xf] / xfnsf] /fHo ;+rfngsf] ljlw, z}nL / cEof;df cfwf/e"t kl/jt{g
gug]{ xf] eg] cfufdL lbgdf b]z c? yk dxf;+s6sf] e'd/Ldf kmF:g] ePsf]n] clxn]sf]
of] cj;/nfO{ pkof]u u/L /fHo ;+/rgf / ;+rfngsf] cfwf/e"t ?kfGt/0flt/ nfUg'
g} b]zsf] Psdfq k|fyldstf x'g' kb{5 .
!= k|:tfjgf
g]kfnsf
o'jfx¿ b]zsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] hg;+Vof ;d"x dfq xf]Og, kl/jt{gsf
P]ltxfl;s sf/s klg x'g\ (Youth Council Nepal, 2021) . l8lh6n o'u;Fu} pgLx¿sf] /fhgLlts
r]tgf, cfqmf]z / kl/jt{gsf dfux¿ tLj| ¿kdf al9/x]sf 5g\ . o:f k[i7e"lddf, oxL
@)*@ efb| @# ut] ePsf] o'jfx¿ -h;nfO{ clxn] ‘h]g–hL’ eg]/ lrlgG5_ sf] lj›f]x ;'zf;g sfod u/fpg] bafa lbgs} nflu lyof] .
To;}n] g]kfndf o'jfx¿sf] ;'zf;g k|ltsf]
ck]Iff af/] uxg ax; / ljZn]if0f cfjZos 5 t/ kof{Kt dfqfdf e}/fv]sf] 5}g -pk|]tL / cfrfo{, @)!&_
. g]kfnsf o'jfx¿ /fi6«lgdf{0fsf ;a}eGbf dxTjk"0f{ ;|f]t x'g\ .
pgLx¿sf] pmhf{, gjk|jt{g Ifdtf, 1fg / ;fdflhs r]tgfn] cfly{s, /fhgLlts /
;f+:s[lts ljsf;df 7f]; of]ubfg lbg ;S5 . lzIff, k|ljlw, pBdzLntf / l8lh6n
;~hfndfkm{t o'jf ;[hgzLn ;dfwfgx¿ k|:t't ug{ ;Ifd 5g\ . /fhgLlts r]tgf ePsf
o'jfn] kf/bzL{ / pQ/bfoL zf;g ;'lglZrt ug{, e|i6frf/ sd ug{ / nf]stflGqs
k|lqmofdf ;lqmo ;xeflutf hgfpg ;S5g\ -pk|]tL, @)&! s / v_ . ;fy}, ;fdflhs
;dfj]zLs/0f, dlxnf ;zQmLs/0f, jftfj/0f ;+/If0f / ;d'bfo ljsf;sf If]qdf pgLx¿sf]
;lqmo e"ldsf /fi6«sf] bL3{sfnLg :yfloTj / ;d[l4 ;'lglZrt ug{ dxTjk"0f{
5 -Youth Council Nepal, 2021Ù Sharma, 2019_ .
@= kl5Nnf s]xL jif{df ljZjdf ePsf
s]xL o'jf cfGbf]ngx¿
kl5Nnf s]xL jif{df ljZje/ o'jfx¿n] u/]sf k|d'v cfGbf]ngx¿
x]g]{ xf] eg] pgLx¿n] ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, jftfj/0fLo / cfly{s Gofosf nflu
k|efjzfnL cfGbf]ngx¿ ;~rfng u/]sf 5g\ (Galdámez, 2024; Mosinger et al., 2022; Kim 2017;
Gelvin 2015; Badiou 2012; Clarke 2025; Debray 2017; Aouragh and
Alexander, 2011) . oL cfGbf]ngx¿sf] k|d'v ljz]iftf
l8lh6n ;+u7g, ;8s ;+3if{ / ljZjJofkL P]Soa4tf xf] . Kl5Nnf] ;dodf o'jfx¿n]
u/]sf rlr{t cfGbf]ngx¿dWo] g]kfnsf] h]g–hL -@)@%_, Dofgdf/sf] nf]stflGqs
k|lt/f]w[2] -@)@!_, a]nf?;sf]
:jtGq lgjf{rgsf] cfGbf]ng[3] -@)@)_, O/fgsf] jf]d]g, nfOkm, lkm|8d
cfGbf]ng[4] -@)@@–@#_, >Ln+sfsf]
o'jfx¿sf] …uf]6fuf]ufdfÚ cfGbf]ng -@)@#_, a+unfb]zsf] ;/sf/åf/f ;fj{hlgs ;]jfdf
#)Ü cf/If0fsf nflu of]Uo ljBfyL{x¿nfO{ /f]huf/Laf6 jl~rt u/]kl5sf] ljBfyL{
cfGbf]ng -@)@$_, xªsªdf cleJolQm :jtGqtf / :jfoQtf ;+/If0fsf nflu o'jfx¿n]
u/]sf] cfGbf]ng[5], clk|msL d'n'sx¿—;'8fg, gfOh]l/of,
;]g]undf e|i6frf/, c;dfgtf / zlQm b'?kof]ulj?4 o'jfx¿sf] cfGbf]ng pnn]Vo 5g\ .
8fpg 6' cy{ klqsfsf] @$ ;]K6]Dj/ @)@% sf] ljj/0f cg';f/ /fhgLltdf o'jfx¿ lg0ff{os kl/jt{gsf/L zlQm
ag]sf 5g\ . k|hftflGqs clwsf/, ;'zf;g, kf/blz{tf / /fhgLlts :jtGqtfsf] dfu;lxt
ljleGg b]zdf o'jfx¿n] g]t[Tj u/]sf cfGbf]ngx¿n] ;Qf ;+/rgfnfO{ g} r'gf}tLdf
kfg]{ sfd u/]sf 5g\ . ;du| ¿kdf x]bf{, kl5Nnf kfFr jif{sf o'jf /fhgLlts
cfGbf]ngx¿ nf]stGq, :jtGqtf / Gofosf kIfdf plePsf] ljZjJofkL gofF k':tfsf]
hfu/0fsf k|tLs x'g\. l8lh6n ;+of]hg, ;fxl;s k|lt/f]w / j}lZjs P]Soa4tfn] oL
cfGbf]ngx¿nfO{ ljz]if k|efjzfnL agfPsf 5g\ .
Jff:tjdf s'g}klg o'jf cfGbf]ngsf k5fl8 k|ToIf jf ck|ToIf
?kdf lglZrt dfGotf, l;WbfGt / b[li6sf]0fn] k|efj kfl//x]sf x'G5g\ (Irving 1981; De Smet 2015;
Davies, 1962; Hobsbawm 2010) .
ljutdf ljZjsf ljleGg efudf ePsf o'jf ljb|f]xx? (Gelvin 2015;
Badiou 2012; Clarke 2025; Debray 2017; Galdámez; 2024; Aouragh and Alexander, 2011; Albrecht and
Koehler, 2020) / g]kfnsf] ‘h]g–hL’
o'jf lab|f]xsf] k5fl8 klg o:tf] dfGotfn] k|efj kf/]sf] 5 (Upreti 2025).
@= o'jfsf] kl/efiff,
hg;+Vof cg'kft / u'Db} uPsf cj;/
xfn} ;fj{hflgs ePsf]
g]kfnsf] /fli6«o o'jf gLlt @)@% cg';f/ o'jfsf] pd]/ bfo/f !*–#% jif{ eg]/
kl/eflift ePsf]n] clxn] g]kfnsf] s'n hg;+Vof -@(!^$%&*_ df o'jfsf] cg'kft
nueu #)Ü x'g] b]lvG5[6] . hg;+Vofljb\x?sf
cg';f/ g]kfn clxn] æhg;f++lVosLo nfeÆ cyf{t æ8]df]u|flkms l8le8]G8Æ sf] cj:yfdf
5 . clxn] cfly{s ¿kdf ;lqmo pd]/ ;d"x (working age) sf] cg'kft a9]sf] b]lvG5 . of] cj:yfdf g]kfnn] æo'jf a'h -youth bulge)Æ
sf] nfe p7fpg ;S5 lsgls clxn] 7"nf] hg;+Vof sfd ug{ of]Uo pd]/df ePsfn]
of] cfly{s ljsf;sf nflu cToGt pko'St ;do xf] . oxL ;dodf o'jfx?n] b]zdf ;';fzg
sfod ug{ / e|i6frf/sf] cGTo ug{ cfGbf]ng} ug{'n] pgLx¿ b]zdf cfly{s pGglt dfq
geO{ ;du| ljsf;s} nflu cToGt lrlGtt 5g\
eGg] b]vfpF5 . t/, lrGtfsf] laifo rflx+
s] 5 eg] clxn] pknJw of] æ8]df]u|lkms ljG8f]Æ cyf{t\ -;Ifd >d zlQm_ ;xL
tl/sfn] pkof]u e}/x]sf] 5}g . cem} s]xL ;dosf nflu of] cj;/ pknAw 5 . t/ cj klg
cj;/x¿ 7Ls tl/sfn] pkof]u gul/Pdf hg;+flVos ;+/rgf j[4x?sf] ;d'bfodf ¿kfGt/0f x'Fb]
hfg] / o;n] ubf{ b]zsf] cy{tGqdf emg} bafj
a9\g hfg] hf]lvd 5 . olb 7"nf] o'jf hg;+Vof j[4
cj:yftkm{ hfg nfu]df eljiodf j[4
hg;+Vofsf] af]emn] b]zsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s cj:yf g} lau|b} hfg] bL3{sfnLg hf]lvd
cTolws /xG5 .
g]kfnL o'y Og
lkmu/sf] k|ltj]bg @)@# sf cg';f/ o'jfdWo] dlxnfsf] k|ltzt a9L -%$=%Ü_ 5 eg]
k'?ifsf] k|ltzt sd -$%=%Ü_ . oxL cg'kft a9b} uPdf hg;+Vofd} c;Gt'ng cfO{ csf]{
hl6ntf ylkg] 5 . g]kfnL o'jfx? clxn] lg/fz 5g\ . To:t} clxn]sf] cj:yfdf g]kfndf
o'jfdWo] clwsf+zn] j}b]lzs /f]huf/L jf cWoog vf]lh/x]sf 5g\, / sl/a !$Ü o'jfx¿
/f]huf/L jf k9fOsf nflu ljb]zdf 5g\ (UNFPA,
2023) . 7'nf] ;+Vofdf o'jfx¿ /f]huf/L jf
k9fOsf sf/0f ljb]zdf /xFbf o;n] /]ld6\ofG; -k|jf;L sfdbf/x¿n] k7fpg] k};f_ dfkm{t
cy{tGqdf of]ubfg u/]sf] 5 eg]/ tTsfnsf]
kmfObfsf] kIfdf ts{ ug{ t ;lsPnf, t/ bL3{sfndf of] b]zsf nflu xflgsf/s 5 . lsgls
of] o'jf Ifdtfsf] ædl:tis alxu{dgÆ (Brain
Drain)
xf] .
g]kfndf o'jf ;DaGwL gLltx¿, sfg'gx¿ / kl/of]hgfx¿
eP/ klg logLx?n] ck]Iffs[t pknlJw xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf 5}gg\ . o:tf gLltx¿df s_ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o o'jf gLlt @)@%, v_ g]kfn ;/sf/sf]
o'jf gLlt, @)&^, u_ /fli6«o /f]huf/ gLlt, @)&^, 3_ /fli6«o lzIff gLlt,
@)&&, / ª_ /fli6«o v]ns'b gLlt, @)&( b]lvG5g\ . To;}u/L o'jf ;DaGwL
k|d'v sfg'gx¿df s_ o'jf kl/ifb P]g, @)%$, v_ afnaflnsf, lszf]/ / o'jf clwsf/
;DaGwL P]g, @)&$, u_ /f]huf/L P]g, @)&$, 3_ cf}Bf]lus Joj;fo P]g
@)&& /x]sf 5g\ . o;/L g} o'jf ;DaGwL k|d'v kl/of]hgfx¿df o'jf Ifdtf ljsf;
sfo{s|d,
o'jf ;Lk pBdzLntf ljsf; sfo{s|d,
o'jf pBdzLntf ;xof]u sfo{s|d, o'jf :jo+;]js sfo{s|d, g]kfn o'jf
gjk|jt{g ljsf; sfo{s|d, g]kfndf o'jf sfo{s|d
nufot 5g\ . oLdWo]
s]xL kl/of]hgfx? UN (UNDP, UNFPA),
Plan International, Helvetas Nepal cflb bft[;+:yfsf] ;xof]udf
sfof{Gjog eP/ klg ltgn] ck]Iffs[t pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;s]sf] b]lvPg .
o;/L ;xL gLlt, /0fgLlt / nufgLsf] cefjdf o'jfn] /f]huf/L gkfPsf], jf
pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf / lzIff pkof]udf gcfPsf] cj:yfdf pgLx¿df a9]sf] lg/fzf, c;Gtfif
/ s|f]wn] ;fdflhs cl:y/tf, a]/f]huf/L / k|jf;g a9fpF5 . of] kIfnfO{ zf;s ju{n]
cGt:s/0faf6 u|x0f ug{ g;Sg] /x]5 .
cflv/ lsg u5{g\ o'jfn] ljb|f]x< o'jfsf] eL8hGo lx+;fTds Jojxf/ Psbd}
ax'–sf/s k|lqmof xf], hxfF JolQmut dgf]lj1fg, ;fdflhs bafa, /fhgLlts ;+/rgf /
cfly{s c;dfgtfx¿n] Ps};fy sfd u5{g\ (Davies, 1962) .
#= g]kfndf o'jf lj›f]xsf] Oltxf; / ljsf; s|d
of]udfof Gof}kfg]
-!*^)–!($!_ n] /f0ffx?sf lj?Wbdf ;g\ !(#) sf] bzsdf u/]sf] k|lt/f]w ljb|f]x[7] -Gurung, 2025: Shrestha, 2001; Whelpton, 2005_ / To;kl5 ;'Ajf s[i0fnfn clwsf/Ln] ;f+s]lts lj/f]wsf
nflu “ds}sf] v]tL” af6[8] ;'? ePsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s
?kfGt/0fsf nflu o'jfx?sf] ljb|f]x h]g–hL cfGbf]ng;Dd cfOk'Uof] .
@))& ;fnsf] /f0ff
zf;glj?4sf] cfGbf]ngn] !)$ jif{ nfdf] /f0ff zf;gsf] cGTo u/]sf] lyof] . /f0ff zf;g
lg/+s'ztf, c;dfgtf / eosf] k|tLs ePs} sf/0f o;sf] cGTosf] nflu @))& ;fnsf]
qmflGtdf o'jfx¿ cu|k+lQmdf plePsf lyP (Whelpton, 2025) .
/f0ff zf;glj?4sf]
cfGbf]ngdf ljBfyL{, o'jf k]zfsdL{, qmflGtsf/L ;d"x / e"ldut ;+u7gx¿n]
;a}eGbf 7"nf] of]ubfg u/] . g]kfnL sfFu|];sf o'jf sfo{stf{, k|hf kl/ifb\sf
o'jf ;b:o tyf ef/tl:yt ljBfyL{ ;d"xx¿n] cfGbf]ngdf k|d'v e"ldsf
v]n]sf lyP (Baral, 2012) .
o;}u/L g]kfndf k~rfotL Joj:yfsf]
cGTo u/L nf]stflGqs k|0ffnL k'gM:yfkgf ug{df o'jfx?n] dxTjk"0f{
e"ldsf vn]sf lyP . k~rfot sfn -@)!&–@)$^_ df ljBfyL{x?n] ljleGg
cfGbf]ngx¿ u/] . bnljxLg k~rfotL Joj:yf :yfkgf ePkl5 /fhgLlts :jtGqtf s'l07t eof]
. To;}n] ljZjljBfno / SofDk;x¿ o'jfx¿sf] /fhgLlts r]tgfsf] s]G› ag]sf lyP (Onta,
2024) .
kl/0ffdtM k~rfotL Joj:yfsf] lj?Wbdf @)@*, @)#! / @)#^ ;fndf ePsf ljBfyL{
cfGbf]ngx¿n] k~rfotL Joj:yfnfO{ 7'nf] r'gf}tL lbP / @)$^ ;fnsf] ljb|f]xaf6 t k~rfotsf]
cGTo g} ul/lbP . g]kfnsf ljleGg ljBfyL{ ;+u7gx¿n] ax'bnLo /fhgLlt;Fu ;DalGwt
ax; rnfpFy], k+rfotn] s'l07t u/]sf] :jtGqtf tyf xgg u/]sf dfgj clwsf/sf
ljifonfO{ lg/Gt/ p7fO/x]sf lyP / k+rx?nfO{ ;bfaxf/ r'gf}tL lbO\/x]sf lyP (Hachhethu,
2002) . Tolta]nfb]lv g}
dlxnfx?n] /fhgLltdf ;zSt pkl:ylt b]vfO;s]sf lyP . oL lj/f]w / cfGbf]ngx?df o'jtLx?sf]
e"ldsf klg dxTjk"0f{ lyof] (Upreti, Uprety and Ghale 2020) .
lj=;+ @)$^ ;fnsf] hg–cfGbf]ngdf
o'jfx?s} ;s|otfsf sf/0f ax'bn k'gM:yflkt ePsf] lyof] . @)$^ ;fnsf] ljzfn hg–cfGbf]ngdf
o'jfx¿ lg0ff{os zlQm lyP . zx/b]lv ufpF;Dd SofDk;sf ljBfyL{, o'jf dhb'/,
:jo+;]js tyf dfgj clwsf/sdL{ cfGbf]ngsf d]?b08sf ?kdf lyP (Nepal
Law Society,
!(()_ . ;lqmo
o'jf ;xeflutfn] #) jif{ nfdf] k~rfotL Joj:yf cGTo eof] / g]kfnn] ax'bnLo
nf]stGqsf] k'gM:yfkgf u¥of] -Gellner,
@)!#_ .
lj=;+=@)%@–@)^@ df dfcf]jfbLn]
rnfPsf] ;z:q åGåsf n8fs'x?sf] 7"nf] lx:;f o'jf g} lyP -Upreti
2009; Upreti 2014_ . dfcf]jfbL ;z:q åGådf u|fdL0f o'jfx¿, a]/f]huf/ o'jf, blnt–hghflt
;d'bfosf o'jf ljz]if ¿kdf ;+ul7t eP -Lawoti & Pahari 2010_ . of] Ps bzs nfdf] ;z:q
åGån] g]kfndf h/f] uf8]/ /x]sf] c;dfgtf, ;+/rgfut e]befj / c;dfg ljsf;sf] cj:yfnfO{
r'gf}tL lbPsf] lyof] (Adhikari 2014_ . t/ klg dfcf]jfbL g]tfx?sf] r/d
cj;/jflbtfsf sf/0f ck]lIft kl/0ffd eg] cfpg ;s]g, a? pgLx¿ g} e|i6frf/, gftfjfb,
s[kfjfb / s'zf;gsf cu|0fL ag] -pk|]tL / cfrfo{, @)!&_ .
lj=;+ @)^@–^# ;fnsf] tTsfnLg
/fhfsf] ;so ;fzgsf] lj/f]wdf a[xt\ hg–cfGbf]ng eof] / o;df klg o'jfx¿ g} cu|0fL
e"ldsfdf lyP (ICG, 2005; Upreti, 2006; Upreti, 2010) . oxL cfGbf]ng g}
/fhtGqsf] cGTo / nf]stflGqs u0ftGq :yfkgfsf] cfwf/ aGof] . @)^!–^@ sf] a[xt\ hg–cfGbf]ng
ug'{ k5fl8sf] sf/0f tTsfnLg /fhfsf] c;+j}wflgs sbd g} lyof] . oxL c;+j}wflgs sbdsf]
lj/f]wdf b]zJofkL ?kdf ePsf] 7"nf] cfGbf]ngdf o'jf, ljBfyL{, k]zfsdL{,
:jod\ gful/s ;d"x / dfgj clwsf/ ;+u7gx¿ Jofks ¿kdf ;lqmo eP (Upreti
2009; 2012; 2021; Upreti, Uprety and Ghale, 2020; ICG, 2005_ . Kl/0ffdtM /fhtGqn] xf¥of]
/ nf]stflGqs u0ftGqsf] 3f]if0ff eof], clg @))& ;fn b]lv yftL /x]sf] ;+ljwfg;ef
dfkm{t hgtfsf k|ltlglwn] ;+ljwfg n]Vg] af6f] v'Nof] (Upreti 2012; 2014)
.
;+ljwfg;efaf6 g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg
@)&@ ag]/ /fi6«kltaf6 hf/L e};s]kl5 kl5 klg o'jfx?n] ljleGg cfGbf]ng u/]sf
lyP . o:tf cfGbf]ngx?df @)&@–@)&# sf] dw];–y?x6 clwsf/ cfGbf]ng,
lrlsT;f ;'wf/ cfGbf]ng, Pg;]n kmf]g s/ sf08sf] la/f]w k|d'v lyP .
;+ljwfg hf/L ePkl5
clwsf/, klxrfg / ;dfj]zLs/0f ;DaGwL d'2fdf dw]; / y?x6 If]qsf o'jfx¿ cu|k+lQmdf
/x]sf lyP . ljleGg cfGbf]ngx?df o'jf sfo{stf{, ljBfyL{, :yfgLo o'jf ;d"xx¿
tyf dlxnfx?sf] e"ldsf cToGt dxTjk"0f{ lyof] (Upreti, Uprety
and Ghale 2020; Sharma 2019) .
lrlsT;f lzIff ;'wf/sf
nflu rnfOPsf] cfGbf]ngsf k|d'v 8f= uf]ljGb s];L ePklg pxfFsf] ;fy lbg b]ze/
ljBfyL{ / o'jf 8fS6/x? h'6]sf lyP . c?eGbf km/s of] cfGbf]ngdf æ;Tofu|xÆ,
æGofoÆ / æ;:tf] lzIffÆ h:tf k|efjsf/L gf/f o'jf k':tf;Fu ulx/f];Fu hf]l8Psf lyP
.
e|i6frf/lj?4sf
:jtM:km"t{ o'jf lj/f]wx?
@)!* b]lv @)@@ sf aLr
Pg;]n kmf]g s/–sf08sf] o'jfx?af6 ul/Psf] lj/f]w, ljleGg e|i6frf/sf] la/f]wdf
o'jfx?af6 ul/Psf] afn'jf6f/ 3]/fp, 3'; vfg] sfo{nfO{ :ynut ?kd} k|df0f;lxt
;fj{hlgs ug]{ o'jf kqsf/x?sf ultljlwx?, / ;'zf;g / e|i6frf/sf] lj/f]wdf ljleGg gful/s
;d"xx?n] rnfPsf cleofgx¿df pQ/f]Q/ :jtGq
o'jf ;d"xx¿sf] ;zSt pkl:ylt a9\b}
uPsf] b]lvPsf]n] o;af6 gofF k|sf/sf] gful/s–lj›f]xsf] ;+s]t ldn]sf] lyof] .
@)@$ df æ:jtGq o'jf
;dfhÆ gfds o'jf ;d"xn] e|i6frf/ ;DaGwL k|:tfljt sfg'g ;+zf]wg u/L e|i6frf/
d'2f ;'g'jfOsf] nflu ;do;Ldf to ug{ vf]lhPsf]] ljifo lj?4 k|bz{g u/]sf] lyof] .
pgLx¿n] e|i6x?nfO{ d'2f xfNgdf ;do;Ldf tf]Sg kfOFb}g elg lj/f]w u/]sf lyP
.
ljutdf ;do–;dodf o'jfx?,
gful/s ;+u7gx?, :jtGq ;fdflhs ;d"xx?n] e|i6frf/ / s'zf;gsf] cGTo / Gofo, / ;dfgtfsf] dfu ub}{ rlr{t cfGbf]ng
u/]sf lyP . æe|i6frf/ lj?4 gful/s hfu/0f cleofgÆ o:t} Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . ljutsf
cfGbf]ngx¿n] e|i6frf/ lj?4 gful/s cfafh sfod /fv]sf lyP . o:tf cfGbf]ng c?
kf/Dkl/s kf6L{sf ;+/rgfeGbf aflx/af6 / :jtGq ?kdf ePsf lyP .
sf]le8sf ;dodf of]
dxfdf/LnfO{ ;/sf/af6 ;Daf]wg ug]{ s|ddf e|i6frf/ eof] egL ;/sf/sf] lj/f]w eof]
. ;fdflhs ;~hfndf o'jfx¿n] :jf:Yo ;]jf, PCR k/LIf0f, Sjf/]lG6g
Joj:yfkgdf b]lvPsf] sd –sdhf]/L lj?4 b]ze/ lj/f]w, ;8s k|bz{g / cfGbf]ng u/]sf
lyP .
l8lh6n o'usf] o'jf
lj›f]x
@)&( ;fndf ePsf]
:yfgLo lgjf{rgdf bnx?n] e|i6frf/sf] ;+/If0f u/]sf] / ;'zf;g lbg g;s]sf] egL o'jfx?n] :jtGq pDd]bjf/L lbO{ :yflkt /fhgLlts bnx?nfO{
;+/rgfut r'gf}tL lbP . Tof]a]nf dtbftf o'jfx¿n] k/Dk/fut bnx¿af6 lg/fz e} s]xL
7fpFdf :jtGq pDd]bjf/x¿nfO{ ljhoL u/fP . of]
g]kfnL /fhgLlts Oltxf;df gofF k|sf/sf] hgdtdf cfwfl/t lj›f]xsf] ¿kdf b]vf
k¥of] . of] jnfb]lv l8lh6n dfWod –(Facebook,
TikTok, X h:tf
Kn]6kmd{x¿_ sf] k|of]u ;/sf/ lj/f]wL ultljlwx?sf ;fy} e|i6frf/, 7]Ssfdf u8a8L,
s/ 5nL cflbsf] lj/f]wdf ;zSt ?kdf x'b} uPsf] b]lvG5 . l8lh6n dfWod / ;fdflhs
;+hfnsf] Jofks k|of]un] jlnof] hgbafa l;h{gf ug]{ jftfj/0f agfOlbPsf] 5 . cfhsf]
o'jf k':tfsf] lj›f]x d'VotM l8lh6n lj›f]x g} xf] . o:fn] o'jfx¿nfO{ ts{, tYo /
;"rgfsf] cfwf/df ;/sf/dfly s8f lgu/fgL /fVg]b]lv lj/f]wnfO{ k|df0fdf
cfwfl/t agfpg ;d]t ;Ifd agfPsf] 5 .
$= @)*@ efb|sf] o'jf lj›f]x, Iflt /
o:fsf k|d'v sf/0fx¿ M ;+lIfKt rrf{
;fdflhs ;+hfndf æg]kf]a]aLÆ,
æg]kf] ls8\;Æ -/fHo ;+oGqsf] b'?kof]u u/L sdfPsf] cs't ;DklQdf df]hd:tL
u/]sfx?sf 5f]/f5f]/LnfO{ ;+s]t ug{ k|of]u ePsf_ æo'y Pu]G:6 s/K;gÆ, æ;6 8fpg
s/K;g, g6 ;f];n ldl8ofÆ, æ6]s PS;g Pu]G:6 s/K6 ln8;{Æ, æ:6k n'l6Ë g]zgÆ h:tf
Xof;6\ofuaf6 z'? ePsf] o'jfsf] e|i6frf/ lj/f]wL cleofgn] efb| @# / @$ sf] oqf]
ljs/fn ?k n]nf / olt w]/} Iflt xf]nf eg]/ s;}n] ;f]r]sf] lyPg . t/ eof] .
&^ hgfsf] Hofg uof], @ xhf/ eGbf a9L dflg; 3fOt] eP . l;+xb/af/ hNof],
l;+xb/af/ kl/;/sf y'k|} dGqfnosf ejgx? / uf8Lx? hn], ;jf]{Rr cbfnt nufot y'k|}
cbfnt ejgx?[9], ;+;b ejg, JolQmsf lghL
;DklQ / Jofj;flos ;+/rgf v/fgL eP . b]ze/ sf]nfxn eof] .
of] zflGtk"0f{ ?kdf
ug]{ elgPsf] cfGbf]ng t efb| @# ut] lbpF;f]b]lv g} clt lx+;fTds / ljleGg JolQmx?,
/fhgLlts bn / :jfy{ ;d"xsf k|ltzf]w ;fWg], abnf lng] pko'Qm dfWod kf]
aGof] . oqf] csNkgLo ;+xf/ s;/L, s;n], lsg u/fof] eGg] jf/]df ljleGg dflg;n] ljleGg
sf]0faf6 JofVof ljZn]if0f u/]sf 5g\[10] . ljb]zL zlQmsf] e"/fhgLlts /
e"/0fgLlts rfv / rf;f], lglxt :jfy{, bnLo :jfy{ ;a}sf] ;lDd>0fsf]
kl/0ffd xf] of] ljWj+; eGg] b[li6sf]0f klg kfOG5[11] . /fhgLlts g]tf, bn / ;/sf/sf]
sfdk|lt cfd gful/ssf] gsf/fTds wf/0ff x'Fbf slt hl6n cj:yf ;[hgf x'g] /x]5 eGg]
g]kfnsf] of] ljWj+;n] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . of] csNkgLo 36gfn] ;]gfsf] e"ldsf
-sfdsf] k|efjsfl/tf_[12], bnsf] ?kfGt/0f,
;fdflhs ;+hfnsf] zlQm Ps} k6s b]vfOlbPsf] 5 .
of] cfGbf]ngdf c?
a]nfeGbf s]xL leGg rl/q klg b]lvPsf 5g\ . df]nf]tf]e ss6]n -l;;fsf] af]6ndf
HjngfzLn t/n kbfy{ / cGo ;fdu|L ld;fO{ agfPsf] lj:kmf]6s kbfy{_, gfkfNd -/f;folgs
ld>0fx?af6 agfPsf] pRr k|HHjngzLn /;fog÷kbfy{_ sf] k|of]u, l6=cf]=la= cyf{t
lta]ltog cf]ll/lhgn An8sf] cfGbf]ngdf ;ls|otf h:tf sf/0f klg of] cfGbf]ng c? j]nfsf
cfGbf]ngx? eGbf leGg lyof] .
$=! o'jf cfGbf]ngdf ePsf] Iflt
of] lx+;faf6 &^ hgfsf]
dfgjLo Iflt ePsf]df @@ hgf k|bz{gsf/L, # hgf k|x/L, !) hgf s}bL / afFsL $! Hfgf
c? dflg; dfl/Psf / @,#&% hgf 3fOt] ePsf 5g\ . b]ze/ $*$ :yfgdf lj/f]w
sfo{s|d ePsf] lyof] eg] ^@* j6f ;/sf/L sfof{no, @%( j6f lghL 3/, !@* j6f Jofkfl/s
ejgx? / !@ xhf/ ;jf/L ;fwg Wj:t ePsf lyP . To:t}, ljleGg /fhgLlts bnsf !(* j6f
sfof{nox? / #)& j6f k|x/L kf]i6÷ejgx?df Iflt ePsf], !%,%** hgf s}bLx?
Hf]naf6 efu]sf] -tLdWo] *,&(( hgf cem} h]n aflx/} ePsf] _ / (&* j6f
k|x/Lsf xltof/ n'l6Psf] -h;dWo] %*^ j6f lkmtf{ NofOPsf]_ elgPsf] 5 . ;jf]{Rr
cbfntsf clt dxTjk"0f{ sfuhft ;d]t hnfOPsf 5g\[13] . g]kfnsf] Oltxf;d} gePsf] oqf]
7"nf] ljWj+;af6 b]zn] v/af}+sf] cfly{s gf]S;fgL klg Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] 5[14] . ko{6g Joj;fosf] xf]6n If]qn] dfq
@% c/a eGbf a9L gf]S;fgL Aoxf]g'{ k/]sf] 5 eg] c6f]df]jfOn If]qn] !% c/a eGbf
a9L / ;Dk"0f{ lghL If]qsf] u/L nueu !)) c/a gf]S;fg ePsf] 5 (Upreti,
2025) .
of] lx+;f / oxL sf/0f
h]naf6 5'6]sf dflg;sf sf/0f ;dfhdf c;'/Iffsf] efjgf a9]sf] 5 . k|x/Lsf] dgf]jn
/ ;fv lu/]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf yk c? c;'/Iff a9\g] g} eof] .
Hf]GhL cfGbf]ngsf]
k|s6Ls/0f rflx+ ;/sf/åf/f ;fdflhs ;~hfnnfO{ g]kfndf btf{ x'g k6s–k6s cfu|x ubf{
klg pgLx¿n] g6]/]kl5 @^ j6f nf]slk|o ;fdflhs ;~hfn -h:t}M Facebook,
Instagram, YouTube, WhatsApp, X nufot_ aGbsf] 3f]if0ff u/]kl5 ePsf] lyof] . t/ ;fdflhs ;~hfnsf]
k|of]u dfkm{t ;/sf/sf] lj/f]w t
klxn]b]lv g} lyof] . ;/sf/åf/f ;fdflhs ;~hfn aGbsf] 3f]if0ff ul/Pkl5 o'jfx¿sf]
;~rf/, Joj;fo / cleJolQm :jtGqtfdf k|ToIf c;/ k/]sf] lyof] . To;}n] o'jfx¿n]
klxnf–klxnf ;fdflhs ;~hfndf ug]{ u/]sf] lj/f]wnfO{ o'jf c;Gt'li6sf] :j?kdf efb|
@# ut] ;8sdf Nofof] .
ef› @# cyf{t\ ;]K6]Da/ *
ut] laxfg dfOlt3/ d08nfaf6 lg:s]sf] xhf/f}+ o'jfx?sf] zflGtk"0f{ lj/f]w
h'n'; sl/a !)M#) ah]lt/ gofF afg]Zj/
;+;b ejg glhs s]lGb|t x'g nfu]sf] lyof] . of] lj/f]w h'n';df s]xL ljBfyL{x? t :s"n sn]hsf kf]zfsdf g} lyP
. ;'?df lj/f]w zflGtk"0f{ lyof] . gf/f, kf]:6/, efif0fdf o'jfx¿n] ;/sf/sf]
;fdflhs ;+hfn lgoGq0f ;DaGwL gLlt / e|i6frf/sf] lj/f]w u/]sf lyP .
k|bz{gsf/Lx?n] ;+;b
ejgdf 9'+uf xfGg / k|j]z ug{ yfn]kl5 eg]
;'/IffsdL{n] pgLx?nfO{ /f]Sbf le8Gt ;'? eof] . To;kl5 k|x/Ln] l6o/ Uof;,
kfgLsf] kmf]x/f, /a/ uf]nL / cGTodf k|ToIf uf]nL -live ammunition_ sf] k|of]u u¥of] h:fsf]
lgzfgfdf ljBfyL{ / o'jf klg kbf{ !( k|bz{gsf/L o'jf dfl/Psf lyP eg] w/} o'jfx?
3fOt] ePsf lyP .
ef› @# ut] lbp;f] ;+;b ejgdf cfs|d0f ;'? x'gf;fy Tof]
lbgsf] lj/f]w sfo{s|dsf cfof]hsx?n] cfkm\gf] zflGtk"0f{ lj/f]wdf 3';k}7
eof], To;}n] sfo{s|d ;DffKt eof], ;a} cf–cfkmgf] 3/ hfcf}+ egL pb\3f]if0f u/]sf
lyP . t/ l:ylt emg lauF|b} uof] / s]lx l5gd} Toqf] g/;+xf/ eof] . o;kl5 ljb|f]x
g} c/fhs cj;/jfbLsf] xftdf u};s]sf] lyof] . k|bz{gsf/Lx? k'/} ljWj+;df plq;s]sf
b]lvGy] . ;+;b ejg k|j]zkl5 kl/l:ylt hl6n aGb} uPsf] eg]/ g]kfnL sf+u|];n]
cfkmgf] u[xdGqL /d]z n]vsnfO{ /fhLgfdf lbg nufof], t/ pgn] /flhgfdf lbP klg l:yltdf ;'wf/ x'g ;s]g,
yk gfh's aGb} uof] . ;/sf/n] a]n'sf 5 ah]sf nflu dGqLkl/ifbsf] a}7s af]nfP klg
Tof] cufl8 g} cfunfuL / Wj+; ;'? e};s]sf] lyof] . k|wfgdGqLn] klg u[xdGqL /d]z
n]vsn] /fhLgfdf lbPs} ;dodf /fhLgfdf lbPsf] eP ;fob oqf] Iflt x'b}glyof] sL<
ef]lnkN6 ef› @$ ut]sf
nflu s;}n] lj/f]w k|bz{gsf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyPg t/ ef› @# ut]sf] g/;+xf/sf] lj/f]wdf
/ ljleGg :jfy{ ;d"xx?åf/f cj;/sf] pkof]u u/L cfkmgf] :jfy{ k"/f ug]{
/0fgLlt agfO{ hg cfs|f]znfO{ ljWj+;lt/ df]8L :yfgLo ;/sf/sf sfof{no, bnx?sf
sfof{no, k|x/L rf}sL, k|b]z / ;+3sf dxTjk"0f{ ejgx?, ;jf/L ;fwg, lghL
;Dkltdf cfuhgL cflb x'g uof] . l6cf]la
eGg] ;d"x klg o:t} ljjflbt :jfy{ ;d"x ePsf] ;dfrf/x? cfPsf lyP[15] . kl5 t pgLx¿ ks|fp ;d]t
k/] . tTsfnLg k|wfgdGqLsf] rLg e|d0f / ToxfF pxfFn] rLgLof /fi6«klt;Fu g]kfnsf]
;xdlt lagf lnk'n]s kf; eP/ x'g] ef/t / rLg gfsf Jofkf/ ;DaGwL ;Demf}tfsf af/]df
/fv]sf] ;/f]sf/ / ;f+3fO ;xof]u ;+u7gsf] a}7sdf ko{j]Ifssf] ?kdf ;xefuL e} g]kfnnfO{
;f+3fO ;xof]u ;+u7gsf] ;b:otf lbg u/]sf] cg'/f]w[16] tyf pxfFsf] rLg / ?;sf /fi6«
k|d'vx?;Fusf] e]6 o; If]qsf] e"–/0fgLlt;+u hf]l8Psf] a'emfO h:tf sf/0fx?
:jfy{ ;d"xsf] rnv]nsf nflu d;nf ePsf] cg'dfg ul/Psf] 5[17] . g]kfnsf] efb| @# /
@$ ut] ePsf] o'jf ljb|f]xsf] e"–/0fgLlts sf/0fsf] kIfdf ;g8] ufh]{g nfOe[18], Unf]an O:o'[19] / Go"of]s{ 6fOD;df[20] ;d]t rrf{ ePsf] lyof] eg] s]xL
cGt{/fli6«o zlSts]Gb|x? of] 36gf;Fu hf]l8Psf] egL s]lx kqklqsfn] pNn]v u/]sf
lyP[21] .
$=@ o'jf lj›f]xsf k|d'v
sf/0fx¿
$=@=! o'jfx¿sf] dgf]lj1fg a'em\g
g;Sg'
g]kfndf h]g–hLsf gfddf ePsf] o'jf lj›f]xsf k|d'v sf/0fx¿dWo]
Ps zf;sx? / 7'nf bnsf cl3Nnf k':tfsf g]tfx?n] o'jfx¿sf] dgf]lj1fgnfO{ ga'‰g' /
ablnFbf] kl/j]zdf pgLx¿sf dfunfO{ a]jf:tf ug{' xf] . cfhsf] o'jf kL+9L l8lh6n
dfWod, v'nf ljrf/sf] lxdfotL / :jtGqtfsf] kIfkftL 5 . pgLx¿ kf/blz{tf, ;'zf;g /
;dfg cj;/sf] cfsf+Iff /fV5g\ . o'jfx? ;fj{hflgs 7fpF / cf}krfl/s sfo{s|ddf
;Ddfghgs Jojxf/ rfxG5g\ -efO–alxgL, gflt–gfltgL, s]6fs]6L, gfgL–afa' eGg]
;Daf]wg ;d]t dg gk/fpg] /x]5g\_ . pgLx¿ cfkm\gf] cfjfh ;'lgPsf] b]Vg rfxg] /x]5g\,
kfsf] k':tfsf] eGbf pgLx¿sf] hLjg / hut\nfO{ x]g]{ b[li6sf]0f, tl/sf / ljlw clg
dfGotf g} km/s /x]5 . pgLx¿ Effif0f / cfZjf;g dg k/fpFb}]gg\, a? tTsfn kl/0ffd
rfx]5g\ .
o'jfx? cfkm\gf ;dsfnLgx?af6 a9L k|efljt x'G5g\ . pgLx¿df
hf]; / pT;fx a9L x'G5, t/ ck]Iff u/]sf] kl/0ffd cfPg eg] l56\6} lg/fz / cfs|f]lzt
klg x'G5g\ . t/ k/Dk/fut g]t[Tjn] of] jf:tljstf / o'jfx?sf efjgfx¿nfO{ a'em\g ;s]g
jf rfx]g . a? cj;/jfbL /fhgLltdf cEo:t kfsf k':tfsf zf;sx?n] o:fnfO{ ;fdfGo 7fg],
a]jf:tf u/L /x], / cj;/jfbL /fhgLltn] o'jfx¿sf] ;+j]bgzLntf lrGg ;s]g . pgLx¿aLrsf]
b"/L a9]/ 7"nf–7"\nf ljb|f]xx? ePsf] ;+;f/sf] Oltxf; 5 . (Badiou 2012; Clarke 2025; Debray
2017; Galdámez;
2024; Aouragh and Alexander, 2011) . of] cj:yf g]kfn dfq x}g, kl5Nnf] ;dodf df]/Ssf], s]Gof, 6f]uf], df8fuf:s/,
k]?, O08f]g]l;of, lkmlnlkG;, >Ln+sf / a+unfb]zdf o'jfx¿n] rnfPsf
cfGbf]ngx?df klg of] b]lvPsf] 5 (Upreti, 2025) . ToxfF klg o'jfx?n] cfˆgf clwsf/ :yfkgf
/ pHjn eljiosf nflu p7fPsf] cfafhnfO{ zf;sx¿n] a]jf:tf ubf{ / ansf] k|of]u jf lx+;fsf]
;xf/fn] bafpg vf]Hbf g} eLif0f cfGbf]ngx? ePsf x'g\ (Aouragh and
Alexander, 2011; Albrecht and Koehler, 2020; Perkoski and Chenoweth 2018) . g]kfndf klg h]g–hLsf] gfddf ePsf] o'jf cfGbf]ngn] g]kfnL o'jf ju{sf]
r]tgf, cfTd;Ddfg / / ;xeflutf a9fOlbof] (Upreti, 2025) .
$=@=@ a]/f]huf/L / cfly{s eljiosf] clglZrttf
ljZj a}+ssf] Unf]an
8f6fsf cg';f/ @)@$ sf] g]kfnsf] k"0f{ a]/f]huf/L !)=&! k|ltzt 5 . g]kfnsf
clxn];Dd ePsf w]/}h;f] cfGbf]ng a]/f]huf/L / cfly{s eljiosf] clglZrttfs} sf/0f
ePsf 5g\ . pRr lzIff xfl;n u/]sf o'jfx¿ ;d]t plrt /f]huf/Lsf] cefjsf sf/0f b]z
5f]8\g afWo 5g\ . pBdzLntfnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ gLlt sdhf]/ x'Fbf cfly{s eljio
clglZrt ag]sf] 5[22] .
a]/f]huf/L / cfly{s
eljiosf] clglZrttf g]kfndf xfn} b]lvPsf] o'jf lj›f]xsf] Ps k|d'v sf/0f xf][23] . g]kfnL o'jfx? Nffvf+}sf] ;+Vofdf
ljb]zdf sfd ug{ hfg'sf] d'n sf/0f klg g]kfndf tLj| ¿kdf a9\bf] a]/f]huf/L /
c;'/lIft cfly{s eljio g} xf] . ;Lkd'ns lzIff gePs} sf/0f o'jfx?n] lzIff xfl;n
u/] klg /f]huf/Lsf pko'St cj;/ gkfpg] / Go"g cfosf sf/0f cfTdlge{/ aGg
g;Sg] cj:yfn] o'jfx¿df ulx/f] lg/fzf hGdfPsf] 5 . b]zleq pBf]u, pBd / /f]huf/L
l;h{gfdf /fHosf] gLlt sdhf]/ / e"ldsf ;fF3'/f] b]lvG5 . otf /fHosf cfly{s
;+/rgfx?df /fhgLlts/0f / x:tIf]kn] cfly{s k|0ffnL sdhf]/ ePsf] 5 eg] o;k|lt o'jfsf]
e/f];f IfL0f xF'b} uPsf] 5 . kl/0ffdtM o'jfx¿n] cfˆgf] eljio cGwsf/do b]v]kl5 o;n]
pgLx¿sf] ;kgf, cfTd;Ddfg / hLjgk|ltsf] cfzfnfO{ k|ToIf c;/ kf/]sf] 5 . kl/0ffdtM
pgLx¿ ljb]z knfog x'g afWo 5g\ . Psftkm{ o'jfx¿sf] a]/f]huf/L] ;DaGwL c;Gtf]if
5 eg] csf]{tkm :jb]zd} cfkmg} d]xgtn] s]xL pBf]u Joj;fo u/f+} eg]klg /fHosf
;DalGwt ;+/rgfn] ;xof]u gubf{ / bM'v lb+bf pgLx¿df lj›f]xsf] efjgf cem ulx/f]
ag]sf] 5 . o;/L /fHok|lt cfqmf]lzt ag]s}
sf/0f ebf} @# / @$ ut]sf] of] ljWj+; ePsf] xf] (Upreti, 2025)
.
$=@=# g]t[Tjk|ltsf] cljZjf;
/fhgLlts g]t[Tjn] o'jf
cfafhnfO{ a'‰g g;s]sf]n] g]t[Tjk|lt cljZjf; ulx/f];Fu a9]sf] 5 . o'jf ju{df
bzsf}+b]lv ;Qf rnfpFb} cfPsf g]tfx?sf] ;Qfnf]n'k Jojxf/k|lt ulx/f] c;Gt'li6 / cgf:yf
ePsf sf/0f pgLx¿ cfGbf]ngdf xf]ldP . pgLx¿sf] cfGbf]ngdf k/Dk/fut /fhgLlts
kf6L{sf o'jf g]tfx¿nfO{ ;d]t ;xefuL x'g lbOPg . Pp6} JolSt tL;f+} jif{ bnsf]
k|d'v, #–$ rf/–kfFr k6s;Dd k|wfgdGqL / kGw|f}+ k6s;Dd dGqL e}/xg], tLghgf
g]tfn] u/]sf] :jfyL{ lg0f{o ;+ljwfgeGbf dfly x'g] h:tf ljutsf ultljlwn] ubf{ g]kfnL
hgtfsf] g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts g]t[Tjk|lt ulx/f] cljZjf; a9\of] / ToxL cljZjf; o'jfx¿n] u/]sf] efb| @#–@$ sf] cfGbf]ngdf
lx+;fTds pkb|jsf] ?kdf b]vf k¥of] . jf/Djf/ ;Qf kl/jt{g, sdhf]/ gLlt / ;'zf;g clg
cfd gful/ssf] hghLjgdf kl//x]sf] gsf/fTds k|efjn] /fhgLlts bn / g]tfk|lt o'jfx¿sf]
e/f];f u'Db} uPsf] xf] .
g]t[Tjn] o'jfsf] cfjfh
;'Gg]eGbf bafpg] / cfZjf;gd} ;Lldt /fVg] k|j[lQn] c;Gtf]ifnfO{ lj›f]xdf
¿kfGt/0f u¥of] . bzsf}Fb]lv k'/fg} g]t[Tjsf] k'g/fj[lQ / /fhgLlts cl:y/tfn]
o'jfx¿af6} j}slNks g]t[Tj vf]Hg of] cfGbf]ng x'g uPsf] xf] . bnx?sf k|d'v g]tfx?sf]
c;kmn g]t[Tjk|lt clxn] o'jfx?sf] ulx/f] cljZjf; 5 .
$=@=$ e|i6frf/ / b08xLgtf
e|i6frf/ / b08xLgtf g]kfnsf]
zf;g ;+/rgfsf] d"n ;d:of xf] (TI, 2023) . b08xLgtf / k|zf;lgs k|lqmofsf]
ckf/blz{tfn] o'jfx¿sf] ;/sf/k|ltsf] ljZjf; 36fPsf] 5 (UNDP, 2022) . lzIff, /f]huf/L, /
k|ltlglwTjdf c;dfgtf g]kfnsf o'jfx¿sf] lj/f]wsf] ;|f]t xf] (NPC,
2020) . of]
cj:yfdf kl/jt{g cfPg eg] of] g} eljiodf åGåsf] ;|f]t klg aGg ;S5[24] .
$=@=% ;fdflhs ;~hfn / ;~rf/
dfWodsf] e"ldsf
;fdflhs ;~hfn / l8lh6n
Kn]6kmd{x¿n] /fhgLlts ;"rgf / cfnf]rgfdf o'jfx¿sf] kx'Fr tLj| ¿kdf a9fPsf 5g\ (UNDP, 2022) . o'jfx?nfO{ :yflkt
;+rf/ dfWodx?n] :yfg glb+bf / ;fdflhs ;~hfn / l8lh6n Kn]6kmd{x¿sf] ;xh kx'Frn] ubf{
o'jfx?nfO{ ;zSt ?kdf cfjfh p7fpg] cj;/ lbPsf] 5 . of] h]g–hL elgg] o'jf
cfGbf]ng o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] .
%= jf:tljs Kfl/jt{gsf] nflu u'd]sf]
cj;/
Vff; u/L @)*@ efb| @$
sf] 36gfkl5 b]z k"/} cGof]nu|:t aGof] . Jofjxfl/s ?kdf /fhgLlts l/Sttf
;[hgf eof] . s;n] s] ug]{, s;/L ug]{ eGg] cGof]n lyof] . g]kfnL ;]gfn] l:ylt
lgoGq0fdf lnO{ ;fdfGo cj:yfdf Nofpg ;ls|o e"ldsf v]n]sf[25],[26] eP klg ;'wf/sf] b[li6sf]0faf6 ;xL
/fhgLlts lgsf;sf nflu ;a}eGbf pQd ljsNk s] x'g ;S5 eGg] ;jfndf eg] ;]gf k|i6
gePsf] b]lvG5 . /fi6«klt klg ;]gfs} ;xf/f lng'kg]{ cj:yfdf ePsf]n] / v'nf lrGtg–dgg
u/L pQd ljsNk vf]Hg] ;do / kl/j]z gePsf]n] lg0f{ostf{x? -;]gf / /fi6«klt_ nfO{
pko'Qm nfu]sf] / ;xdlt x'g ;Sg] lgsf; vf]Hbf clxn]sf] /fhgLlts cj:yf -gful/s ;/sf/, ^ dlxgfdf
lgjf{rg / ;+;b la36g_ cfPsf] xf] . t/ clxn] o;} cj:yfnfO{ lnP/ k|Zgx? p7]sf
p7fO{Psf 5g .
;/sf/ cfjZostfsf]
lzWbfGtsf] cfwf/df u7g ul/Psf] eg] klg ;+lawfgsf] s'g wf/f cg'?k ;+;b ;b:o
gePsf] dflg; k|wfgdGqL ePsf] xf] eGg] ;+a}wflgs k|Zgsf] lrTt a'em\bf] pQ/
s;};+u 5}g . To;}u/L of] ;Fu} hf]l8P/ p7]sf] csf]{ k|Zg rflx ;+lawfgsf] vf;
wf/f÷pkwf/f cg';f/ geO{ cfjZostfsf] l;4fGtaf6 ag]sf] ;/sf/nfO{ s;/L hglgjf{lrt
;+;b la36g ug]{ clwsf/ eof] of]{ eGg] xf] . Tolts} zflGb{les csf]{ k|Zg rflx
olt ;fF3'/f] -^ dlxgf leq lgjf{rg u/fpg]_ lhDd]jf/L kfPsf] of] ;/sf/n] ;+lawfg
;+zf]wg u/]/ dfq k"/f ug{ ;lsg] k|s[ltsf o'jf cfGbf]ngstf{x?sf] dfu s;/L
k"/f ug{ ;S5 eGg] klg 5 < lo ofjt ;d:ofsf] ;+a}wflgs af6f]af6 xn ug]{
xfdLn] Tolta]nf clnslt v'nf eP/ lasNkx? af/] ;f]r]/ lg0f{o lng ;s]sf] eP of]
;/sf/sf] a}wflgstf / ;bg la36g af/] k|Zg klg gp7\g] / h]g–hL o'jf cfGbf]ngsf]
dfux? klg k'/f x'g;Sg] lasNk lyP[27] .
hltj]nf -;/sf/ gagfpFb}
@$ efb|sf] /fltb]lv @% efb| lbge/_ ;]gfk|d'v / /fi6«klt of] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf]
nflu h'6\g'ePsf] lyof], Toltj]nf ;a}eGbf klxnf ;+;bsf] cfkTsfnLg a}7s af]nfO{
;+ljwfgsf] k|wfgdGqL lgo'lQm ug]{ wf/f÷pkwf/f kl/dfh{g u/L ljz]if kl/l:yltdf u}/–;f+;b
klg k|wfgdGqL x'g ;Sg] Joj:yf yKg], ;+ljwfg kl/jt{g gu/L k"/f ug{ g;lsg]
cfGbf]ng/t o'jfx?sf dfux? ;+jf]wg ug{ ;+ljwfgdf s]xL kl/jt{g ug]{, cs't ;DklQ
sdfpg] JolStx?sf] ;|f]t gv'n]sf] ;DklQ /fli6«os/0f ug]{ nufot e|i6frf/
lgoGq0fsf s8f k|fjwfgx? ;+ljwfgdf ;dfj]z u/L To;kl5 ;+zf]lwt ;+ljwfg cg'?k
k|wfgdGqL lgo'lQm u/]/ k|wfgdGqLsf] l;kmfl/;df /fi6«kltn] ;+;b lj36g ug]{ u/L
sfd ug{ ;s]sf] eP zfob b]zdf JofKt s'zf;g / e|i6frf/sf] lgoGq0f ug{ klg ;lhnf]
x'g] / ;/sf/sf] j}wflgstf dfly k|Zg klg gp7\g] lyof] . t/ of] cj;/ t u'dL g}
;Sof] . clxnsf] ;Lldt cjlw -^ dlxgf_ / ;Lldt sfof{b]z -lgjf{rg u/fpg]_ kfPsf]
;/sf/af6 vf;} 7"nf] ck]Iff /fVg klg ;ls+b}g .
^= o'jf ljb|f]xsf] cfwf/e"t
dfu–;'zf;g
g]kfnsf] clxn]sf] r/d
gftfjfb, s[kfjfb, 3';vf]/L, e|i6frf/, /fHosf ;fwg–;|f]tsf] b'?kof]u -P]g, lgod
b]lv Go"g txsf sd{rf/Lx?nfO{ 3/]n' sfdbf/ agfpg];Dd_, ;]jf k|jfxdf
l9nf;':tL ;a}sf] d"n h/f] ;'zf;gsf] cefj g} xf] . oxL ;d:ofaf6 cfs|fGt eP/
ljleGg ljZn]ifs, cg';Gwfgstf{, kqsf/, ;/f]sf/jfnf, gful/sx?n] g]kfndf h/f uf8]/
a;]sf] a]lyltsf] cGTo / ;'zf;gsf] k|Tofe"ltsf nflu ljutb]lv s'/f p7fP,
;'wf/sf nflu kqklqsfdf n]v / bh{gf}+ k':tsx? n]lvP, ljleGg cWoogaf6 l;kmfl/;
k]z ul/P, lhDd]jf/ JolStx?nfO{ e]6]/ bafa lbO{P, kqklqsf, /]l8of], 6]lnlehg /
;fdflhs ;~hfnaf6 s'/f p7fOP . t/ zf;sx?n] ;'g]gg\, ;'Gg rfx]gg\ . lsgls pgLx?
/fi6«sf] ;fwg, ;|f]t, / zlQm sAhf u/]/ a;]sf lyP, 5g\ . t/ gj–o'jf -h;nfO{
h]g]/];g–h]8 cyf{t h]g–hL eg]/ lrlgG5_ x?n] o;sf lj?4df @)*@ efb| @# ut] ljb|f]x
u/], Hofgsf] cfx'lt lbP . kl/0ffdtM ;'zf;gnfO{ a]Jff:tf ul//fv]sf zf;sx?sf]
sAhfaf6 /fi6«nfO{ d'Qm u/] . t/ of] kl/jt{gkl5 klg b]zdf ;'zf;g xf]nf eGg] rflx+
k/s} s'/f eof] . clxn] g ;'zf;g 5, g o;sf nflu cfwf/e"t sfd g} e}/x]sf 5g\
. ;'zf;g sfod ug]{ / e|i6frf/ cGTo ug]{ p2]Zon] ePsf] cfGbf]ngaf6 cfPsf]
;/sf/n] g e|i6frf/ lgoGq0fdf 7f]; sfd ug{ ;Sof] g t ;'zf;gdf . dGqLx?] cfˆg}
;DklQ t ;fj{hlgs ug{ rfx]gg\ . k|wfgdGqLsf k|d'v :jsLo ;lrj / cfkm}n] lgo'St
u/]sf dxfGofoflwjStfn] of] ;/sf/sf] ;'zf;gsf] /6fgnfO{ lvNnL p8fpFbf klg
k|wfgdGqLaf6 plrt sfo{afxL ePg . oL 36gfn] ubf{ ;/sf/sf] lgot dfly g} ;fj{hlgs
k|Zg p7\g yfln/x]sf 5g\ .
b]zdf ;'zf;g sfod ug{
6fn6'n] / 5'§f5'§} sfdaf6 ;Dej 5}g . PsLs[t / ?kfGt/0fsf/L of]hgf, r§fgL c8fg,
:ki6 b[li6sf]0f cfjZos 5 . To;sf nflu lgDg sfd ug{ cfjZos 5M
s_ xfn;Dd ePsf ;'zf;g / k|zf;g
;'wf/sf nflu ul7t cWoog, sfo{bn, cfof]usf k|ltj]bgx?sf] ;"Id ;dLIff /
l;kmfl/;sf] cWoog u/L sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
v_ xfn sfof{Gjogdf /x]sf
sfg"gx? / logLx?nfO{ sf/0f b]vfO{ ul/g] l9nf–;':tL / e|i6frf/ ug]{ cEof;
h:t} ;fj{hlgs vl/b P]g, jg P]g cflbsf] ;"Id ;dLIff u/L aflemPsf / ljsf;nfO{
cj/f]w ug]{ sfg"gx? ;+zf]wg ug]{ .
u_ /fHon] gful/snfO{ lbO/x]sf
;]jfx?nfO{ s;/L, slxn];Dd s'g If]qdf k"0f{ ljB'tLo dfWodaf6 lbg ;lsG5, s'g–s'g
;]jfnfO{ /fli6«o ;'/Iffsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 k"0f{ ljB'tLo ug'{xF'b}g, To;sf]
:ki6 pNn]v u/L ljB'tLo ;]jf k|jfxsf] sfo{ of]hgf, cg'dflgt nfut, hgzlQm / k|ljlwsf]
cfjZostf k|If]k0f / of] sfo{of]hgf sfof{Gjogsf] lhDd]jf/L ls6fg ;lxt l;kmfl/;
ug{sf]nflu cfO6L lj1, ;'zf;g lj1, k//fi6«÷e"/fhgLlt lj1, hg–k|zf;g ljb\
;lxtsf] cWoog 6f]nLnfO{ cWoogsf] lhDdf lbO{ o;}sf] l;kmfl/; cg';f/ O–ueg]{G;
sfof{Gjog ug]{ .
3_ jt{dfg sd{rf/L ;+oGqn] b]zdf
;'zf;g sfd ug{ g;s]sf] k|dfl0ft eO{;s]sf]n] b]zsf] sd{rf/L ;+oGqsf] ?kfGt/0f
clgjfo{ eO;s]sf] 5 . o;sf] nflu /Iff, k//fi6«, cy{, u[x h:tf ;Dj]bgzLn If]qx?
;+rfngsf nflu ;fgf] -;DejtM %–& xhf/sf]_ bIf / k|lta4 o'jfx?sf] :yfoL sd{rf/L
;+oGq / afFsL ;a} sfd j}slNks pkfox?åf/f ug]{ u/L jt{dfg sd{rf/L ;+oGqdf
kl/jt{g ug]{ . j}slNks pkfox?df ;Dej eP;Dd ;]jf k|jfx :yfgLo ;/sf/åf/f u/fpg] /
o;sf] nflu cfjZos kg]{ :yfgLo sd{rf/L JoJf:yf / pgLx¿sf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug]{ .
/fHosf] ;Dj]bgzLn If]qx?sf k|d'v (Core) sfd / :yfgLo ;/sf/n] ug]{ sfdaf6
afFsL /x]sf sfdx? lghL If]q jf aflx/af6 -cfp6;f]l;{Ë u/L_ u/fpg] / o:tf]
cfp6;f]l;{Ë ;a} txsf ;/sf/x?n] klg ug{ ;Sg] k|fjwfg ;'lglZrt ug]{ .
ª_ xfnsf] ;+3Lo ;+/rgfdf kl/dfh{g /
kl/isf/ ug{ ljBdfg ;+3Lo ;+/rgf cGtu{t pQ/–blIf0f x'g] u/L # j6f k|b]z agfpg],
xfnsf kflnsfx?sf] ;+Vof 36fO{ #)) hlt ug]{ / jt{dfg sfod /x]sf ;+3Lo dGqfnox?nfO{
* b]lv ( j6fdf emfg]{ u/L k'gM;+/rgf ug]{ . o;/L ;+3Lo dGqfnosf] k'g{M;+/rgf
ubf{ -!_ hnjfo', jftfj/0f / s[lif dGqfno -xfnsf] s[lif, jg, l;+rfO,
e"ld;'wf/nfO{ ufEg]_, @_ pBf]u, jfl0fHo cfk"lt{ / >d dGqfno, #_
lzIff dGqfno -o'jf, v]ns'b, lzIff, ;+:s[lt,
dlxnf, afnaflnsf ;d]t ;dfj]z x'g] u/L_, $_ hn;|f]t, pmhf{, ef}lts k"jf{wf/
dGqfno, %_ /Iff dGqfno, ^_ u[x dGqfno, &_ k//fi6« dGqfno, *_ lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
dGqfno, / (_ :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno sfod ug]{ . of] k'gM;+/rgfsf] nflu
xfn;Ddsf] !) jif{sf] cg'ejsf] cfwf/df ug]{ / ;+ljwfgsf] ;+zf]wg u/L oL ;a} k|fjwfg
/fVg] .
r_ b]zdf e|i6frf/sf] cGTo / ;'zf;g sfod
/fVg xfn ljBdfg e"ldsf] :jfldTj k|0ffnL kl/jt{g u/L ;Dk"0f{ hldg
/fHosf] :jfldTjdf /fVg], tf]lsPsf cfjf;Lo hldgx? x:tfGt/0f gx'g] u/L k|To]s
gful/s÷kl/jf/nfO{ cfhLjg pkef]usf] clwsf/ lbg] / afFsL hldg s[lif, pBf]u,
lgdf{0f cflbsf] Jofj;flos of]hgf cg'?k lghL If]q tyf ;xsf/LnfO{ tf]lsPsf]
dfkb08sf] cfwf/df hUufsf] xs x:tfGt/0f gx'g] u/L pkof]usf] clwsf/ lbg] u/L ;+ljwfgdf
;+zf]wg ug]{ . xfnsf] h:tf] JolStsf gfdsf] xs x:tfGt/0f x'g] hUufsf] :jfldTj /
æe"ldxLgÆ sf gfddf hUuf ljt/0f ug]{ k|0ffnL sfod /xFbf;Dd g]kfndf e|i6frf/
lgoGq0f / ;'zf;g k|jw{g c;Dej x'G5 .
lgisif{
g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts ofqf
a'‰gsf nflu o'jfsf] e"ldsf a'‰g' ckl/xfo{ x'G5 . ljutsf ljleGg ;dosf lj/f]wx?b]lv
dfcf]jfbL ;z:q åGå / To;kl5sf cfw'lgs l8lh6n cfGbf]ng;Dd x]bf{ g]kfnL o'jfx¿
kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxs, ;'wf/sf k|]/s / ;'zf;gsf kyk|bz{s ag]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf o'jf
lj›f]xsf] Oltxf; s]jn k|lt/f]wsf] Oltxf; xf]Og . of] t b]zsf] nf]stGq,
;dfj]zLs/0f / ;'zf;g lgdf{0fsf] uxlsnf] ofqf xf] . To;}n] o'jf cfGbf]ngx?nfO{
xNsf ?kdf x]l/g' pko'St xF'b}g .
g]kfnsf /fhgLlts
kl/jt{gx¿df o'jf ;xeflutf ;w}F s]G›df /xg] u/]sf] 5 (Karki &
Shrestha, 2021) .
t/ ;+qmd0fsfnLg /fhgLlt, zf;g k|0ffnLsf] sdhf]/L / bnut :jfy{s]lGb|t k|lt:kwf{s}
sf/0f nfdf] ;do;Dd klg ck]lIft ;'wf/ gePkl5 o'jfx¿df ulx/f] c;Gtf]if k}bf ePsf]
b]lvG5 . /fli6«o ljsf; ;"rsfÍn] klg g]kfnsf] zf;sLo u'0f:t/df bL3{sfnLg
sdhf]/L /x]sf] b]vfpF5 (NPC, 2020) .
vf; u/L, @)!) kl5 ePsf w]/} o'jf cfGbf]ngx¿sf] dxTjk"0f{
kIf s] 5 eg] pgLx¿n] cfkmgf] r]tgfnfO{ l8lh6n Kn]6kmd{, ;fdflhs ;~hfn, OG6/g]6
/ ;~rf/sf gofF dfWodaf6 tLj| ultdf km}nfPsf 5g\ . ;fdflhs ;~hfnn] o'jfnfO{
kf/Dkl/s zlQm ;+/rgfdf lge{/ geO{ :jtGq ¿kdf ;Ël7t x'g / cfafh p7fpg :yfg
lbPsf] 5 . o'jfx?n] ljleGg d'n'sx?df
ePsf cfGbf]ngx¿af6 Ps–csf{df k|efljt e} cf–cfkmgf] b]zdf nf]stGq, Gofo /
;fdflhs kl/jt{gsf] cEof; u/]sf 5g\ .
g]]kfnsf] h]g–hL o'jf cfGbf]ng nufot ljZje/sf kl5Nnf
cfGbf]ngx¿n] s] b]vfPsf 5g\ eg] o'jfx? ca
klxnf] k':tfsf cfb]zkfns xf]Ogg\ . pgLx¿ cfˆgf] cfafh, cfafhsf] d"No /
eljiosf] gLlt lgwf{/0fdf ;lqmo ;xeflutf rfxG5g\ / o;sf] nflu k|lt/f]wdf pqg
;d]t lxrlsrfpFb}gg\ .
o'jf cfGbf]ngsf] csf]{ ljz]iftf s] xf] eg] o:tf] cfGbf]ng
s'g} Ps b]zdf ;'? eP klg o;n] k|jfx ug]{ ljrf/, z}nL / cEof; c? b]zsf o'jfx?sf]
nflu klg pTk|]/0ffsf] ;|f]t aGg ;S5 . Unf]jn SnfOd]6 :6«fOs, /fhgLlts k|lt/f]w
h:tf ljZjsf ljleGg efudf ePsf cfGbf]ngn] b]vfPsf 5g\— ljsf;, Gofo, jftfj/0fLo d'2f, gful/s clwsf/,
e|i6frf/ / ;';fzg s'g} Ps b]zsf] dfq} ;d:of gePsf]n] Ps b]zsf] cfGbf]ngaf6
csf]{ b]zn] klg l;Sg ;S5 .
g]kfndf dfq geO{ ljZjel/ g} ljut s]xL jif{b]lv o'jfx?n] cfkm'n]
;~rfng u/]sf ;fdflhs–/fhgLlts cfGbf]ngx¿sf dfWodaf6 cfkm'nfO{ ;Qf kl/jt{gdf
;d]t dxTjk"0f{ zlQmsf ¿kdf :yflkt u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf nflu cfGbf]ng s]jn
k/Dk/fut z}nLdf g]tf jf bnx? ;Qfdf k'Ug] v'8\lsnf] xf]Og . of] t Gofo, ;dfgtf,
:jtGqtf / eljiosf] :yfloTj tkm{sf] k|j]z dfu{ xf] . pgLx¿sf cfGbf]ng ;w}
kl/jt{g Nofpg g} ;kmn gePklg ;Qf;Lgx?sf] dgnfuL / ;Qf b'?kof]usf] cEof;nfO{ ;zSt
r'gf}tL lbgdf ;kmn b]lvPsf 5g\ .
g]kfndf h]g–hLsf gfddf
ePsf] xfn}sf] o'jf cfGbf]ngn] e|i6frf/sf] cGTo, ;'zf;gsf] k|jw{g / ;dfj]zL
Joj:yfsf] cfjZostfnfO{ ;zSt k'li6 dfq u/]g ls casf] k':tf k/Dk/fjfbL /fhgLlt1x?sf]
zf;sLo z}nL dfGb}g eGg] tYonfO{ klg l;4 ul/lbof] . pgLx¿ Gofo, ;xeflutf / ;dfj]lztfsf]
JofJxfl/s cEof; ug{ rfxG5g\ . ;fy}, g]kfnsf] xfnsf] o'jf cfGbf]ng cfly{s
c;dfgtf, lje]b, cGofo / cj;/ljxLgtfsf lj?4 p7]sf] ;fd"lxs cfafh klg xf],
h;n] /fHonfO{ ;dfj]zL cfly{s gLlt / lbuf] /f]huf/L l;h{gftkm{ uDeL/ Wofg cfslif{t
ub}{ jlnof] / ultnf] r]tfjgL lbPsf] 5 .
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2. pk|]tL
lji0f'/fh . @)&! . g]kfnsf] zflGt k|lqmof / /fHo lgdf{0fsf r'gf}tLx¿ .
sf7df8f}+M g]kfn ;]G6/ km/ sG6]Dk//L l/;r{ .
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cg';"rL !M g]kfn ;/sf/ / h]g–hL hgcfGbf]ngsf
k|ltlglw lar ePsf] !) a'+b] ;Demf}tf
k|:tfjgf
b]zdf JofKt e|i6frf/, s'zf;g, b08xLgtf, e]befj, alxis/0f
tyf cfly{s–;fdflhs c;dfgtf / cGofo h:tf ;+/rgfTds sf/0fx¿af6 l;lh{t åGåsf]
;dod} ;Daf]wg gx'Fbf pTkGg cfd ljt[i0ff / lg/fzfn] h]g–hLsf] g]t[Tjdf lj=;+=
@)*@ ;fn ef› @# / @$ ut] ePsf] /fhgLlts–;fdflhs hgcfGbf]ng lgDTofPsf]
jf:tljstfnfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{,
hgcfGbf]ngsf qmddf hLjg alnbfg ug]{ zxLb, 3fOt] Pj+ ltgsf
;d:t kl/jf/hgk|lt ;Ddfg k|s6 ub}{,
hgcfGbf]ngsf qmddf ePsf ck"/0fLo dfgjLo, ;fdflhs,
dfgl;s, ef}lts, cfly{s tyf cGo ;a} k|sf/sf Ifltk|lt b'Mv JoQm ub}{,
hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;Gbe{df ePsf ;Dk"0f{ uDeL/ dfgj clwsf/
pNn‹g tyf lx+;fhGo HofbtLsf 36gfx¿sf] :jtGq 5fglag u/L ;To, Gofo, kl/k"/0f
/ ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf pkfo cjnDag u/L b08xLgtfsf] cj:yf cGTo ug{'kg]{ ckl/xfo{tf
af]w ub}{,
h]g–hLsf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf] hgcfGbf]ng kZrft l;lh{t c;fwf/0f
kl/l:yltdf hgcfGbf]ngsf dfux¿ ;Daf]wg ug{ Pp6f u}/bnLo, kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL,
;dfj]zL / ;Ifd cGtl/d gful/s ;/sf/sf] P]ltxfl;s cfjZostfsf] pkhsf] ¿kdf jt{dfg
;/sf/ ag]sf] tyf hgljZjf; u'dfO;s]sf] ;‹Lo ;+;bsf] k|ltlglw ;efsf] lj36g u/L
lgjf{rgsf] ldlt to ul/Psf] P]ltxfl;s tYonfO{ :jLsf/ ub}{,
g]kfndf ljleGg sfnv08df g]kfnL hgtfn] k6s k6s ub}{ cfPsf
P]ltxfl;s hgcfGbf]ng, ;z:q ;‹if{, gf/LjfbL cfGbf]ng, cflbjf;L cfGbf]ng, blnt
cfGbf]ng, d'l:nd cfGbf]ng, dw]z cfGbf]ng, y?x6 cfGbf]ng nufotsf x/]s
cfGbf]ngx¿af6 xfl;n ul/Psf] k|To]s gful/ssf] ;Ddfgk"j{s afFRg kfpg] xs,
cleJolQm tyf ;fË7lgs :jtGqtf, ;‹Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGq, wd{lg/k]Iftf, ;dfgtfdf
cfwfl/t ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL /fHo k|0ffnL, ;fdflhs / cfly{s Gofo ;'lglZrt ub}{
g]kfnL hgtfn] ;+ljwfg ;ef dfkm{t hf/L u/]sf] g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgsf] ;fGble{stf /
j}wtfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{,
g]kfnL hgtfn] k|of]u ug]{ l8lh6n dfWodnfO{ gful/s
cleJolQmsf] j}w dfWodsf] ¿kdf u|x0f u/L o; hgcfGbf]ngsf qmddf cfGbf]ngsf/Lx¿n]
k|of]u u/]sf gofF l8lh6n dfWod, ;f+:s[lts k|tLs / l;h{gfTds cleJolQmnfO{ j}w
gful/s /fhgLlts ;+nUgtfsf] ¿kdf :jLsf/ ub}{,
;fdflhs, /fhgLlts, wfld{s, ;fF:s[lts, ;+/rgfut lje]b tyf
cfly{s zf]if0fsf] sf/0fn] l;h{gf ePsf] juL{o, hftLo, n}lËs tyf of}lgs c;dfgtf,
ul/aL, l;dfGtLs/0f Pjd\ alxis/0f cGTo
ug]{ b[9 ;ÍNk lnFb},
/fHosf ;|f]t ;fwg;Dd x/]s g]kfnLsf] Goflos kx'Fr / tL ;|f]t
;fwgsf] ;dtfd"ns ljt/0f, afF8kmfF6 / lbuf] k|of]u ug{'kg]{ cfjZostfdf hf]8
lbFb},
;'zf;g, ;dfj]lztf / hg;xeflutfsf dfGotfdf cfwfl/t ;‹Lotf,
:yfgLo :jfoQtf / ljs]G›Ls/0fsf] ;'b[9Ls/0faf6 lzIff, :jf:Yo, /f]huf/, cfjf;,
e"ld, efiff, ;+:s[lt, n}lËs tyf ;fd"lxs clwsf/x¿sf] sfof{Gjog tyf
pBdzLntf, gjk|jt{g / cGj]if0f /fHosf efjL gLlt / sfo{qmdsf d'Vo k|fyldstf aGg'kg]{
cfjZostfdf hf]8 lbFb},
hgcfGbf]ng kZrftsf] gjlgdf{0fsf x/]s lqmofsnfkx¿nfO{
;'zf;gsf d"NodfGotfaf6 cg'k|fl0ft u/L e|i6frf/d'Qm, kf/bzL{, hjfkmb]xL,
r':t, ldtJooL, ;dfj]zL, k|efjsf/L / :jfy{sf] åGå/lxt agfpg] k|0f ub}{,
g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;'zf;gsf] tLj| cfsf+Iffaf6 k|]l/t e}
h]g–hLsf] g]t[Tjdf ePsf] hgcfGbf]ngaf6 k|fKt hgfb]z Pj+ ;+ljwfgn] cËLsf/ u/]sf
d"No dfGotfnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ g]kfn ;/sf/ / h]g–hL hgcfGbf]ngsf k|ltlglwlar
of] ;Demf}tf ;DkGg ul/Psf] 5. ;Demf}tfsf plNnlvt k|fjwfgx¿sf] Odfgbfl/tfsf ;fy
k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf nflu b'j} kIf b[9 k|lt1f JoQm ub{5g\.
!= zxLb / 3fOt]sf] Tofu tyf alnbfgnfO{ ;Ddfg, Gofo tyf
cy{k"0f{ :d[tLs/0f;lxtsf] kl/k"/0f
!=! lj=;+= @)*@ ;fn ef› @# / @$ ut] h]g–hLsf] g]t[Tjdf
ePsf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] qmddf tTsfnLg ;/sf/af6 ePsf] bdg / Jofks lx+;fsf 36gfdf
;xfbt k|fKt ug{' ePsf JolQmnfO{ zxLb 3f]if0ff ug]{ nufot zxLb kl/jf/sf] dfu /
efjgfsf] oyfzL3| ;Daf]wg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5.
!=@ zxLb kl/jf/ tyf 3fOt]sf] tTsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg
cfjZostfsf] oyf]lrt ;Daf]wg ug{ ;DalGwt zxLb kl/jf/ / 3fOt];Fusf] k/fdz{ tyf
;dGjodf tTsfn Ps pRr:t/Lo sfo{bn u7g u/L cGtl/d /fxt, Ifltk"lt{, lgMz'Ns
:jf:Yo pkrf/ tyf dgf];fdflhs k/fdz{, lgMz'Ns lzIff, /f]huf/L, ;fdflhs ;'/Iff
Pj+ cy{k"0f{ :d[tLs/0f -d]df]l/onfOh]zg_ ;d]tsf] kl/k"/0fLo Joj:yf
;'lglZrt ul/g]5.
!=# h]g–hL cfGbf]ngsf zxLb kl/jf/ tyf 3fOt]sf] ;fd"lxs
dfu cg'¿k d'n'sdf ;bfrf/ tyf ;'zf;g k|j4{g, e|i6«frf/ lgjf/0f tyf b08xLgtf cGTo
ug{ 5'§} :yfoL k|s[ltsf] cfof]u u7g ul/g]5.
@= ef› @# / @$ sf 36gfsf] cg';Gwfg, cleof]hg /
k'g/fj[lQ x'g glbg cfjZos ;+:yfut ;'wf/
@=! g]kfn ;/sf/n] u7g u/]sf] ef› @# / @$ sf] 36gf ;DaGwL
hfFra'em cfof]unfO{ b]xfoadf]lhdsf] sfof{b]z yk ul/g]5M
-s_ o; hgcfGbf]ngsf] qmddf ePsf] cTolws an k|of]usf]
kl/0ffd:j¿k u}/Goflos xTof nufotsf dfgj clwsf/ pNn‹g ;DaGwL cf/f]kx¿sf] lagf lje]b
5fglag u/L ;To tYo vf]h u/L kmf}hbf/L hjfkmb]lxtf jxg ug{ l;kmfl/; ug]{.
-v_ hfFra'em, ;To
lg¿k0f tyf d]nldnfksf] dfGotfnfO{ Wofgdf /fvL pko'Qm k|lqmof ckgfO{
hgcfGbf]ngsf] k|s[lt tyf ef› @# / @$ sf] ljlzi6 kl/l:ylthGo cj:yfnfO{ b[li6ut
u/L hgcfGbf]ngsf] qmddf ePsf 36gf / cGo JolQm jf ;d"xn] cfk/flws dg;fosf
;fy ;'lgof]lht tyf ;Ël7t tl/sfn] u/]sf lx+;fTds sfo{x¿sf] e]bnfO{
k"jf{u|x–/lxt ¿kdf 5'6\ofO{ 5fglag u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{.
-u_ s;}nfO{
cfGbf]ngdf ;xefuL ePs} sf/0f cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hgsf] bfo/fdf kfl/Psf] 5 egL
cfGbf]ngsf/L :jo+ jf lghsf] tkm{af6 cGo s;}n] cgnfOg, lnlvt jf x6nfOgdfkm{t
ph'/L lbPdf ;f] ;DaGwdf ;DalGwt lgsfoaf6 ljj/0f lemsfO{ ;f] ljj/0fsf] cfwf/df
of] ;Demf}tf ePsf] ldltn] !% lbgleq l:qmlgª tyf 5fglag ug]{.
-3_ l:qmlgª tyf 5fglagaf6 ;DalGwt JolQm Hofg dfg]{ s;'/ jf
;'lgof]lht÷;Ël7t ¿kdf s'g} cfk/flws lu/f]xåf/f ePsf x'g;Sg] uDeL/ ck/fwdf ;+nUg
/x]sf] gb]lvPdf kl5 hfFra'em cfof]usf] k|ltj]bgadf]lhd x'g]u/L ;f] JolQmnfO{
tTsfn lx/f;t÷y'gfd'Qm ug{ / lghlj?4 bfo/ ePsf d'2f lkmtf{ lng g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{
l;kmfl/; ug]{.
@=@ g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;DalGwt lgsfon] dfly plNnlvt
l;kmfl/; adf]lhdsf] sf/afxL oyfzL3|
cufl8 a9fpg]5g\.
@=# o; hgcfGbf]ng;Fu ;DalGwt /fhgLlts lj/f]wsf] ultljlwdf
;xefuL ePs} sf/0f s;} pk/ kmf}hbf/L d'2fsf] cg';Gwfg jf cleof]hg ul/g] 5}g.
@=$ o; hgcfGbf]ng ;lxt g]kfnsf ljleGg cfGbf]ngsf qmddf
;'/Iff lgsfoaf6 ePsf cGofok"0f{ tyf u}/sfg'gL ank|of]u ;DaGwL 36gfsf]
cfjZos hfFra'em u/L eljiodf o:tf 36gfsf] k'g/fj[lQ x'gaf6 /f]Sgsf nflu g]kfnsf]
k|rlnt sfg'g, ;'/Iff lgsfosf sdLsdhf]/L, ;'/IffsdL{nfO{ ;fdflhs, dfgl;s
;'/Iffsf] cefj nufot cGo sf/0fx¿ klxrfg u/L ;DalGwt sfg'g tyf ;'/Iff lgsfodf
cfjZos ;+:yfut ;'wf/sf pkfox¿sf] cWoog tyf l;kmfl/; ug{ 5'§} ;+oGq u7g ug]{
/ ;f] ;+oGqn] k]z ug]{ k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs
u/L k|ltj]bgdf plNnlvt l;kmfl/;x¿ tTsfn sfof{Gjog ul/g]5.
#= /fhgLlts tyf gLltut e|i6frf/, ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿sf]
bnLos/0f / bnLo efua08fsf cfwf/df lgo'lQm ul/g] k|rngsf] cGTo
#=! /fhgLlts, gLltut tyf ;+:yfut e|i6frf/, ;fj{hlgs
;+:yfx¿sf] bnLos/0f / bnLo efua08fsf cfwf/df ul/g] lgo'lQmsf] cGTo nufotsf
b]xfosf ljifodf lgikIf 5fglag u/L l;kmfl/; ug{ Ps pRr:t/Lo cfof]u u7g ul/g]5M
-s_ ;Dk"0f{ ;fj{hlgs kbdf lgo'Qm, lgjf{lrt jf dgf]lgt
JolQmsf] hLjgz}nL, cfo;|f]t / cs't ;DklQ cfh{gsf ;DaGwdf bf]ifLnfO{
sfg'gadf]lhdsf] sf/afxL ug]{ k|lqmof,
-v_ ;fj{hlgs ;+:yfx¿sf] bnLos/0f / efua08fsf cfwf/df ul/g]
lgo'lQmsf] cEof; cGTo ug{ ;DalGwt gLlt / sfg'gdf ug{'kg]{ ;'wf/ tyf df}h'bf
sfg'gsf] k|efjsf/L sfof{Gjogsf] ljifo,
-u_ ljleGg ;fj{hlgs kb wf/0f u/]sf JolQm tyf /fhgLlts bnn]
cfˆgf g]tfx¿sf] gfpFdf ;fj{hlgs hUuf, ;DklQ / ah]6sf] k|of]u u/L b]ze/ ;~rfng
u/]sf k|lti7fg, sf]if, 6«i6, kl/ifb\, s]G› h:tf lgsfosf] sfo{ tyf cfly{s ultljlw
5fglag u/L ;DalGwt ;+:yfn] ;fj{hlgs lxt / p2]Zo ljkl/t jf u}/sfg'gL ultljlw
u/]sf] kfOPdf o:tf lgsfonfO{ vf/]h u/L ;DklQ /fli6«os/0f ug]{ ljifo,
-3_ g]kfnsf]
;fj{hlgs lgsfodf x'g] clgoldttf tyf e|i6frf/ lgjf/0f, k|zf;sLo k|0ffnLsf]
k'gM;+/rgf, ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|jfxsf] ;/nLs/0f, ;xh kx'Fr, u'gf;f] ;'g'jfO{sf]
Joj:yf / ljB'tLo ;'zf;g k|j4{g nufotsf ljifo.
$= :jtGq, lgikIf, zflGtk"0f{ / eo/lxt lgjf{rgsf]
;'lglZrttf
$=! cfufdL k|ltlglw ;ef tyf x/]s txsf lgjf{rgnfO{ :jtGq,
lgikIf, zflGtk"0f{, ;a}sf nflu kx'Fro'Qm / eo/lxt agfpg k|fyldstfsf ;fy
cfjZos sfg'gL, k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut k"jf{wf/ ljsf; u/L sfof{Gjog ul/g]5.
$=@ of]Uo g]kfnL gful/s dtbftfsf] ¿kdf gfd btf{ ug]{
cleofgnfO{ ;xh / k|efjsf/L agfOg]5. a]lhNnf tyf cGt/lgjf{rg If]qdf c:yfoL ¿kdf
a;f]af; ug]{ dtbftfnfO{ lghx¿ /x]s} lhNnfaf6 cf;Gg
lgjf{rgdf g} dtbfg ug]{ Joj:yf ul/g]5. ;+;f/sf ljleGg b]zdf cf}krfl/s tyf
cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf >d ug]{ k|jf;L g]kfnL gful/sx¿, k]zf Joj;fodf /x]sf / k|jf;L
g]kfnL ljBfyL{x¿sf] dtflwsf/ ;'lglZrt ug{ gLltut, sfg'gL tyf ;+:yfut
k"jf{wf/ ljsf;sf] k|lqmof cufl8 a9fOg]5.
$=# lgjf{rgdf dgf]gog btf{ ubf{s} jvt pDd]bjf/n] cfˆgf]
;DklQ ljj/0f ;d]t a'emfpg' kg]{ nufot /fhgLlts bn / pDd]bjf/sf] vr{ kf/bzL{
agfpg sfg'gdf ;+zf]wg ul/g]5.
$=$ ;a} /fhgLlts bnsf ;DklQ tyf cfly{s ;|f]tsf] ljj/0f
clgjfo{ ¿kdf dfuL ;f] pk/ 5fglag u/L ;|f]t gv'n]sf] ;DklQ /fli6«os/0f u/L
bf]ifL pk/ sf/afxL ug{ cfjZos sfg'gL k|aGw ul/g]5.
$=% lgjf{rg k|0ffnL ;'wf/sf nflu dfly plNnlvt s'/fsf]
cltl/Qm k|rlnt sfg'gdf tTsfn ;+zf]wg u/L lgDg Joj:yf nfu" ul/g]5M
-s_ dtkqdf ædflysf s;}nfO{ dtbfg ulb{g -NOTA_Æ ljsNk
/flvg]5.
-v_ /fhgLlts bnleq clgjfo{ ¿kdf k|fylds k|lt:kwf{ -k|fOd/L
On]S;g_ u/L 5gf]6 ePsf] JolQm dfq lgjf{rgsf] nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g kfpg] sfg'gL
Joj:yf ul/g]5.
-u_ lgjf{rg cfof]uåf/f tof/ ul/g] dtkqdf bn÷pDd]bjf/sf]
qmdfÍ uf]nf k|yfaf6 lgwf{/0f ul/g]5.
-3_ /fhgLlts bndf cWoIf jf ;efklt clwstd b'O{ sfo{sfnsf
nflu dfq} x'g ;Sg] k|aGw ul/g]5.
-ª_ lgjf{rg k|of]hgsf nflu dfq} x'g] c:j:y u7aGwg
lgoGq0fsf] nflu sfg'gL k|aGw ul/g]5.
-r_ cfufdL lgjf{rgdf æklxnf] x'g] lgjf{lrt x'g]Æ lgjf{rg
k|0ffnLdf ;d]t pDd]bjf/ rog ubf{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]zL l;4fGtsf] kfngf ug{ sfg'gL
k|aGw ul/g]5.
%= g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ug{'kg]{ ;'wf/
%=! g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgn] ;'lglZrt u/]sf] ;fj{ef}ldstf,
ef}uf]lns cv08tf, /fli6«o Pstf, ;dfg'kflts, ;dfj]zL / ;xeflutfd"ns l;4fGt,
k|lt:kwf{Tds ;‹Lo nf]stflGqs u0ftGqfTds ax'bnLo Joj:yf, wd{lg/k]Iftf, gful/s
:jtGqtf, df}lns clwsf/, dfgjclwsf/, aflnu dtflwsf/, cfjlws lgjf{rg, k"0f{
k|]; :jtGqtf, :jtGq, lgikIf / ;Ifd Gofokflnsf tyf sfg'gL /fHosf cfwf/e"t
d"No dfGotfx¿nfO{ cIf'00f /fVb} ;'zf;g sfod ug{, ;+ljwfgsf] k|efjsf/L
sfof{Gjog dfkm{t ;fdflhs–cfly{s ¿kfGt/0f tyf ;dtfd"ns ;d[l4, lbuf] zflGt /
lbuf] ljsf;sf jfrf k"/f ug{ tyf ablnFbf] kl/k|]Iodf g]kfnL hgtfsf]
;fd"lxs ljj]s / cfsfÍ\iffnfO{ ;d]6\g ul/g' kg]{ ;+j}wflgs, sfg'gL tyf
;+:yfut ;'wf/sf ljifox¿sf] klxrfg, cWoog / ljZn]if0f u/L cu|ufdL kl/jt{gsf nflu
;'emfj;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg k]z ug{ :jtGq lj1, h]g–hL / o'jf ;lxt ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf]
;xeflutf /xg] u/L Ps pRr:t/Lo æ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ;'emfj cfof]uÆ u7g ul/g]5.
%=@ plNnlvt cfof]un] :yfgLo, k|b]z / ;‹Lo txdf Jofks ax;,
;+jfb, cGt/lqmof tyf gful/s k/fdz{ u/L ;'emfj;lxtsf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{5.
%=# ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wg ;'emfj cfof]usf] sfof{b]zdf cGo s'/fsf]
cltl/Qm lgDgfg';f/sf ljifoa:t' ;d]t tf]lsg]5M–
-s_ ;+ljwfg sfof{Gjogsf b; jif{sf] l;+xfjnf]sg u/L
sfof{Gjogsf pknlAw / sdLsdhf]/L klxrfg ug]{ tyf sfof{Gjogsf] k|efjsfl/tfsf nflu
7f]; ;'emfj lbg],
-v_ ;'zf;g sfod ug{, clVtof/sf] b'¿kof]u tyf e|i6frf/
lgjf/0f ug{, :jfy{sf] åGåsf] lg/fs/0f ug{, ;+ljwfgsf] sfof{GjognfO{ k|efjsf/L
agfpg] pkfo vf]Hg tyf ablnFbf] kl/k|]Iodf g]kfnL hgtfsf] ;fd"lxs ljj]s /
cfsfÍ\iffsf] ;dLIff u/L ;dofg's"n ;+ljwfg ;+zf]wgsf nflu ;'emfj lbg],
-u_ dfly k|s/0f !=# adf]lhdsf] cfof]unfO{ ;+j}wflgs x}l;ot
k|bfg ug]{ ;DaGwdf ;'emfj lbg],
-3_ ;‹Lo ;+;b Pjd\ k|b]z
;efsf] ;+/rgfsf] ;DaGwdf :yfgLo, k|b]z / s]G›:t/df ax; Pjd\ cGt/lqmof dfkm{t ;'emfj ;Íng u/L b]xfosf ljifodf l;kmfl/; ;lxtsf]
k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{M
-!_ hg;Î\ofsf] cfwf/df k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts tyf ;dfj]zL
k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{ lgjf{rg k|0ffnLdf cfjZos ;'wf/,
-@_ clwstd kl/k"/0fLo, clwsf/k"0f{ /
cy{k"0f{ k|ltlglwTjsf] l;4fGtnfO{ cfTd;ft ub}{ dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L
hghflt, dw];L, yf¿, d'l:nd, k5fl8 kfl/Psf ju{, cNk;Î\os, ;LdfGts[t, ckfËtf ePsf
JolQm, n}lËs tyf of}lgs ¿kdf ljljw klxrfg ug]{ ;d'bfo, ls;fg, >lds, pTkLl8t
jf k5fl8 kfl/Psf If]qsf gful/s tyf cfly{s ¿kdf ljkGg v; cfo{ nufotsf]
k|ltlglwTj ;'lglZrt ug{ ;'wf/fTds Joj:yf,
-#_ /fHosf] /fi6«k|d'v, tLg} txsf] ;/sf/sf sfo{sf/L k|d'v /
dlGqkl/ifb\sf ;b:osf] sfo{sfn !) jif{df ga9\g] u/L b'O{ k"0f{ sfo{sfn;Dd
;Lldt ug]{ ljifo,
-$_ k|ltlglw ;ef, k|b]z ;ef / :yfgLo txsf] hgk|ltlglwsf
nflu pDd]bjf/ x'g Go"gtd pd]/ @! jif{ /fVg] ljifo,
-%_ Gofokflnsf, ;+j}wflgs kl/ifb\,
;+j}wflgs cfof]u / Gofokl/ifb\nfO{ /fhgLlts tyf bnLo x:tIf]kaf6 k"0f{ ¿kdf d'Qm /fVg / :jfoQ tyf :jtGq 9Ën] sfo{;Dkfbg ug{ ;Ifd agfpg / /fHosf
;+/rgfdf o'jfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj /
;xeflutf ;'lglZrt ug{ pQm cfof]ux¿sf] ;+/rgf
tyf kbflwsf/L lgo'lQmsf] k|lqmofdf ;'wf/,
-^_ /fhgLlts bnx¿sf] cfGtl/s ;dfj]zL nf]stGq /
;'zf;gsf If]qdf ug{'kg]{ ;'wf/sf pkfo.
^= k"0f{ ;dfg'kflts ;dfj]lztf / ;xeflutfd"ns
k|ltlglwTj
^=! of] ;Demf}tf adf]lhd aGg] ;+oGqx¿df oyfzSo ;dfj]lztf
;'lglZrt ul/g]5. /fHosf ;+oGqx¿df clwstd kl/k"/0fLo, clwsf/k"0f{ /
cy{k"0f{ k|ltlglwTjsf l;4fGtsf cfwf/df dlxnf, blnt, cflbjf;L hghflt,
dw];L, yf¿, d'l:nd, k5fl8 kfl/Psf ju{, cNk;Î\os, ;LdfGts[t, ckfËtf ePsf JolQm,
n}lËs tyf of}lgs ¿kdf ljljw klxrfg ug]{ ;d'bfo, ls;fg, >lds, pTkLl8t jf
k5fl8 kfl/Psf If]qsf gful/s tyf cfly{s ¿kdf ljkGg v; cfo{ nufotsf] k|ltlglwTj
;'lglZrt ug{ o; ;Demf}tfadf]lhd u7g x'g] h]g–hL kl/ifb\n] ;Nnfxsf/sf]
e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{5.
&= kf/blz{tf
&=! kf/bzL{ / hjfkmb]xL ;/sf/sf] cjwf/0ff cg'¿k ;/sf/n]
cfˆgf sfdsf/afxL, lg0f{o tyf vr{df kf/blz{tf ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu ljlw, k|lqmof,
sfg'g, k|ljlw tyf ;+oGqx¿df cfjZos ;'wf/, ;dfof]hg / kl/dfh{g ul/g]5. ;/sf/sf
o:tf lg0f{o tyf sfo{nfO{ ;"rgfkf6L, j]a;fO6, ;fdflhs ;~hfn / cfd k|of]udf
/x]sf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/sf dfWod dfkm{t ;d]t ;j{;fwf/0fsf] ;xh kx'Frdf
k'¥ofpg] Joj:yf ldnfOg]5.
&=@ g]kfndf ljutdf ePsf dfgj clwsf/ pNn‹g tyf lx+;fsf
36gf / e|i6frf/;Fu ;DalGwt 5fglag nufotsf ljifodf cWoog cg';Gwfg ug{ u7g ul/Psf
;Dk"0f{ 5fglag, hfFra'em cfof]usf k|ltj]bg k|rlnt sfg"gsf] cwLgdf /xL
;fj{hlgs ul/g]5.
&=# g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;fj{hlgs kbx¿df x'g] ;a} lgo'lQmsf
nflu kf/bzL{, k|lt:kwL{ / ljZj;gLo 5gf]6 k|lqmof ;'lglZrt ug{, cj;/sf] ;dfgtf
;'lglZrt ug{ tyf gftfjfb, s[kfjfb / e]befjsf] cj:yf cGTo ug{ h]g–hL nufot
;/f]sf/jfnf;Fu k/fdz{ u/L cfjZos pkfox¿ canDag ul/g]5.
*= cleJolQm :jtGqtf / l8lh6n :jtGqtf
*=! OG6/g]6 / l8lh6n dfWoddf cleJolQm, ;"rgf k|jfx /
;+jfbdf s'g} lsl;dsf] :j]lR5s, u}/sfg'gL lgodg, lgif]w jf k"jf{u|xL
;]G;/l;k x'g glbg cfjZos sfg'gL, ef}lts / k|fljlws k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yf
ul/g]5.
*=@ ;j{;fwf/0f gful/ssf] l8lh6n tYofÍ -8]6f_ dfly /fHo jf
t]>f] kIfsf] tkm{af6 u}/sfg'gL lgu/fgL / b'¿kof]u x'g glbg] u/L sfg'gL,
ef}lts / k|fljlws ;'wf/ ;lxt cfjZos k"jf{wf/sf] Joj:yf ul/g]5.
(= h]g–hL kl/ifb\sf] u7g
(=! h]g–hL cfGbf]ngsf] dd{ / efjgf cg';f/ zf;g Joj:yf
;~rfngdf ;/sf/nfO{ of]ubfg ug{, va/bf/L ug{, ;'zf;g, lbuf] ljsf; tyf ;d[l4sf
nflu g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;Nnfx, ;'emfj / ;xof]u k|bfg ug{sf nflu h]g–hL kl/ifb\ u7g
ul/g]5.
!)= ;Demf}tf nfu" x'g] ldlt / ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog
!)=! b'j} kIfsf k|ltlglwåf/f x:tfIf/ ePsf] ldltb]lv of]
;Demf}tf nfu" x'g]5.
!)=@ of] ;Demf}tfsf] sfof{Gjog g]kfn ;/sf/ / h]g–hL
hgcfGbf]ngsf k|ltlglwsf] cfk;L ;xdltdf x'g]5.
!)=# of] ;Demf}tfsf] cwLgdf /x]/ b'a} kIfsf] ;xdltdf cGo
;Demf}tf ug{ afwf k'u]sf] dflgg] 5}g.
|
h]g–hL
hgcfGbf]ngsf k|ltlglwsf] tkm{af6 |
g]kfn
;/sf/sf] tkm{af6 |
Olt ;Djt\ @)*@ ;fn d+l;/ @$
ut] /f]h $ df z'ed\.
n]vs kl/roM
bf]nvf
lhNnfsf] d]n'+u ufpFkflnsf j8f g+ ! df hlGdPsf 8f= pk|]tLn] ;g\ @))! df g]bNof{08sf]
jfu]Gx]u]+g ljZjljBfnoaf6 åGå Joj:yfkgdf ljBfjfl/lw, ;g\ !((* df ;f]xL
ljZjljBfnoaf6 1fg k|0ffnL Joj:yfkgdf :gftsf]Q/ / ;g !(($ df lqljljaf6 ;dfh
zf:q÷dfgj zf:qdf :gftsf]Q/ l8u|L xfl;n ug{'ePsf] 5 . nf]s;]jf cfof]uaf6 @)$& df ! gDj/df ;xfos
s[lif cy{ lj1 kbdf l;kmfl/; e} s]xL ;do ;'b'/ klZrdf~rn If]qLo l;+rfO
lgb]{zgfnodf sfo{/t /xL :yfoL ;/sf/L ;jfaf6 @)$( ;fndf cnlUuPsf 8f= pk|]tLn]
;g\ @))) b]lv # aif{ a]nfotsf] ;/] ljZjfljBfno / nG8g ljZjljBfnosf] ls+U;
sn]hdf cg';Gwfg tyf k|fWofkg ug{'eof] . To;kl5 l:j; ljZjljBfnox?sf] ;+hfnn] $$
b]zdf ;+rfng u/]sf] !@ jif]{ cjlwsf] cg';Gwfg kl/of]hgfsf] blIf0f Plzof ;+of]hs
e} * aif{ / ;g\ @)@) dfr{b]lv # jif{ g]kfn ;/sf/sf] lyÍ 6\ofÍ gLlt cg';Gwfg
k|lti7fgsf] sfo{sf/L cWoIfsf] lhDd]jf/L ;Dxfn]sf 8f= pk|]tLsf ! bh{geGbf a9L
låkIfLo / ax'kIfLo ljsf; ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?df klg sfo{ u/]sf] cg'ej 5 . pxfFn]
ljutdf nueu @ bh{g cGt/f{li6«o cg';Gwfg s]Gb|x? / k|fl1s ;+:yfx?sf] ;Nnfxsf/,
af]8{ ;b:o, k|ltlglw / :jtGq ;dLIfssf] cg'ej klg xfl;n ug'{ ePsf] 5 . xfn;Dd 8f pk|]tLn] !)% j6f k':tsx?sf]
n]vg÷;Dkfbg tyf # bh{g hg{n cfl6{sn, %)) hlt kl/R5]b, sfo{kq tyf k|d'v /fli6«o
kqklqsfdf n]vx? k|sflzt ug{'ePsf] 5 . k]zfut sfd / ko{6sLo p2]Zon] clxn];Dd
ljZjsf !)@ j6f b]zx?sf] e|d0f ug{' ePsf pxfF xfn >LdtL 8f= od'gf 3n], 5f]/L
cl:dtf / 5f]/f co'Zfsf ;fy uf]bfj/L gkf j8f g—+ !@ l;len xf]D;–# df a:g'x'G5 .
[1] d]/f] of] n]vsf] ;dLIff u/L efiff ;Dkfbg ul/lbg' ePsf]df
g]kfn ;/sf/sf k"j{ ;lrj tyf hgk|zf;gljb\ / ;'kl/lrt efiffsf 1ftf s[i0f
1jfnL Ho"nfO{ Åbob]lv cfef/ JoQm ub{5' .
[2] Dofgdf/sf] @)@! sf]
;}Go ljb|f]xkl5 xhf/f}F o'jf ;8sb]lv c‘fgnfOg Kn]6kmd{;Dd ;lqmo ¿kdf pleP .
ljBfyL{, :jf:YosdL{, snfsf/ / o'jf Jofj;flosx¿sf] æl;len l8;cf]lal8PG; d'ed]G6” n] ;}Go ;/sf/lj?4 cGt/f{li6«o Wofg
tfg]sf] lyof] .
[3] a]nf?;df, @)@) sf] ljjflbt /fi6«ktLo
r'gfjkl5 o'jfx¿n] Jofks k|bz{g ub}{ hgdtsf] ;Ddfg / :jtGq lgjf{rgsf] dfu u/] .
;f];n ldl8of–cfwfl/t ;+u7gn] /fHosf] s7f]/ bdgsf aLr klg cfGbf]ngnfO{ hLljt
/fVof] .
[4] O/fgdf @)@@–@# sf]
cfGbf]ngdf o'jf–o'jtL / ljBfyL{x¿n] u/]sf] cfGbf]ng /fhgLlts :jtGqtf, dfgj clwsf/
/ /fHo lgoGq0flj?4sf] Jofks /fhgLlts k|lt/f]wsf] ¿kdf km}lnPsf] lyof] .
[5] xªsªdf cleJolQm :jtGqtf / :jfoQtf
;+/If0fsf nflu o'jfx¿n] lg/Gt/ k|bz{g hf/L /fv] . ;/sf/n] sfg'gL lgoGq0f s8f
agfP klg o'jfx¿sf] l8lh6n k|lt/f]w sfod} /Xof]] .
[6]
https://english.nepalnews.com/s/nation/nepal-defines-youth-as-18-35-under-new-national-youth-policy/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
[7] of]udfof Gof}kfg] g]kfnsL Ps cu|0fL ;fdflhs / wfld{s ;'wf/s
lyOg\, hf] cTofrf/L /f0ff zf;glj?4sf] k|lt/f]wsf] k|tLssf ¿kdf pbfOg\ . lg/+s'z
/f0ffzfxL zf;gk|lt lg/fz eO{, pgn] cfˆgf cg'ofoLx¿, ljz]if u/L dlxnfx¿, ;fdflhs
cGofo, hftLo e]befj / n}+lus bdgsf] lj/f]w ug{ ;Ël7t ul/g\ . of]udfofsf]
cfGbf]ngn] cfWoflTds elQm / /fhgLlts ;lqmotfnfO{ hf]8\of] . pgn] ;fj{hlgs
e]nfx? cfof]hgf ug]{ / ;fd"lxs clx+;fTds k|lt/f]wnfO{ k|]l/t ub}{ cfˆgf cg'ofoLx¿df g}lts cg'zf;g /
cfTd–cg's/0fsf] dxTjdf hf]8 lbPsL lyOg\ . pgsf cg'ofoLx¿n] ;fx;, cfTd–jlnbfg /
g}lts hLjgsf] lzIffnfO{ cËLsf/ ub}{ pTkL8gsf] ;fdgf ubf{ ;Tolgi7f / w}o{ sfod
/fVf] . /f0ff zf;sx¿n] pgsf] a9\bf] k|efjnfO{ vt/f 7fg]/ s7f]/ bdg u/] . t/
pgsf] ;}4flGts k|lt/f]w / ;fd'bflos ;Ë7gsf] of]ubfg lg/Gt/ /Xof] / o;n] kl5Nnf
k':tfnfO{ ;fdflhs Gofo / dfgj dof{bfsf nflu ;+3if{ ug{ k|]l/t u¥of] .
of]udfofsf] ;lqmo ;'wf/ / lj/f]w cfGbf]ng ;g\ !(#) sf] bzsdf tLj| ¿kdf a9]sf]
lyof] . pgn] /f0ff zf;g cGtu{t ;fdflhs cGofo, hftLo Joj:yf, n}+lus bdg, / e|i6
k|zf;gsf] v'n]/ cfnf]rgf ul/g\ / /f0ff zf;sx¿;Fu æwd{/fHoÆ -;bfrf/k"0f{ zf;g_ sf] dfu
ul/g\ . /f0ffx?sf] lj/f]wsf] ¿kdf klxnf] k6s of]udfofn] ;g\ !(#* df cfˆgf w]/}
cg'ofoLx¿sf ;fy ;fd"lxs cfTdbfx -clUg‑;dflw_ ug]{ k|of; ul/g\ . t/ pQm k|of;nfO{ /f0ff
zf;gn] /f]Sof] . of]udfof / pgsf cg'ofoLx¿nfO{ /f0ff zf;sn] kqmfp u/]] .
kl5 pgL l/xf eOg\ . t/ l/xf ePkl5 klg s'g} ;'wf/ gb]v]kl5, cGttM of]udfofn]
cfˆgf ^& cg'ofoLx¿;lxt clGtd lj/f]wsf] ¿kdf % h'nfO{ !($! -st} !$ h'nfO{
!($! Klg pNn]v 5_ df ef]hk'/sf] c?0f gbLdf kmfn xfn]/ æ;fd"lxs cfTdxTof
-hn‑;dflw_Æ sf] af6f] /f]lhg\ . pgLx¿sf] zj slxNo} km]nf k/]g . of]
36gf g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df ;fob ;a}eGbf 7"nf] æGofosf] nflu ;fd"lxs
cfTdxTofÆ sf] ¿kdf kl/lrt 5 (Gurung, 2025:
Shrestha, 2001; Whelpton, 2005)
[8] s[i0f nfn clwsf/Ln] /f0ffx?sf]]
;+fs]lts lj/f]wsf ?kdf h'nfO !(@) df “ds}sf] v]tL” k|sflzt ug{'ePsf] eof] / k':tssf] !,))) k|lt lk|G6
ul/Psf] lyof] . ;'?df of] k':tsnfO{ cflwsfl/s ?kdf g]kfnL efiff k|sflzgL
;ldltåf/f :jLs[t lbOPsf] lyof] . of] k':tsdf w]/} k|tLsfTds ;Gbe{ ePsf sf/0f,
/f0ff zf;gn] k':tsnfO{ s]jn s[lifzf:qLo dfu{bz{g geO{ æljZjf;3ftLÆ 7fGof] .
kl/0ffdtM k|sfzgkl5 l5§} /f0ff zf;gn] o;df ePsf ¿ks / k|tLsfTds efiff -h:t}
æ/ftf] 6fpsf]sf sL/f / sfnf] 6fpsf]sf sL/f,Æ æ3/]n' / ljb]zL s's'/Æ cflb_ nfO{
/f0ff kl/jf/ lj?4 n's]sf] cfnf]rgf / æljZjf;3ft” 7fg]/ sl/a !))) dWo] ((( k|lt –nueu ;a}– hkmt u/L gi6 ul/lbof], / clwsf/LnfO{ gf} jif{sf]
sf/fjf; ;hfo lbOof] . kl5 ToxL+ h]ndf g} pgsf] d[To' klg eof] (Uprety, 1992) .
[9] All total 23
courts were damaged, files related to 800 thousands cases were destroyed and
2.52 billion worth of properties of the courts were destroyed (the details were
reported in the Kantipur daily, 21 Oct 2025).
[10] Abishek De (2025 Sept. 9), With
Nepal, India's neighbourhood in turmoil again. US vs China playing out? https://www.indiatoday.in/world/story/nepal-protests-kp-sharma-oli-resigns-india-neighbourhood-turmoil-us-china-proxy-war-2784428-2025-09-09?utm_source=chatgpt.com.
Accessed on 12.10.2025.
[11] Dudaraj Daya and
Gaurav Pokharel Kantipur Dailay (2025 Oct. 19). The question that continues to
burn even after the fire is out: Were 'chemicals' also used in the arson? (in
Nepali language)https://ekantipur.com/news/2025/10/19/even-though-the-fire-is-out-the-smoke-of-mystery-is-still-rising-33-26.html?fbclid=IwY2xjawNh4edleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHtu8f7xqFOMG17rgl0_tQKBZnj36YTrpzKtYQqS5gr6aIiilUZd531aiRSXi_aem_QEgfGHcUwluokzy3jdF4dw. Accessed on 26
October 2025.
[12] Janardan Subedi, Desh Sanchar (2025 Sept. 27), Betrayal of a Nation:
The Nepal Army and the Death of Sovereignty.
[13] Full-page
interview of Chief Justice is published in Kantipur Daily, 22 September 2025,
Monday.
[14] Everest time
(2025 Sept. 22), Private sector estimates loss of Rs 100 billion during Gen-Z
protests.
[15] Tapendra Karki Nagarik News (2025 Oct. 14), TOB
controversy: Security agencies keep Gen Z activist Gurung under
surveillance. https://myrepublica.nagariknetwork.com/news/tob-controversy-security-agencies-keep-gen-z-activist-gurung-under-surveill-42-96.html. Accessed on 22 October 2025.
[16] https://kathmandupost.com/national/2025/08/30/prime-minister-oli-departs-for-china-to-attend-sco-summit
[17]
https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/09/09/foreign-hand-gen-z-data-addiction-5-ways-indian-media-missed-the-nepal-story?utm_source=chatgpt.com
[18]
https://sundayguardianlive.com/editors-choice/the-us-funded-a-youth-programme-in-nepal-to-counter-influence-of-india-china-154641/
[19]
https://www.globalissues.org/news/2025/09/18/41053
[20]
https://www.nytimes.com/2025/09/10/world/asia/nepal-gen-z-protests-kathmandu-mayor-balendra-shah.html
[21] Pawan Atri and
Dharya Maheshwori (2025 Sept. 11), Is US Deep State at Work in Nepal? https://sputniknews.in/20250911/is-us-deep-state-at-work-in-nepal-9740818.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com. Accessed on
10.10.2025
[22]
https://www.thejakartapost.com/world/2025/09/10/how-gen-z-protests-over-corruption-and-jobs-ousted-nepal-pm-oli.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com
[23]
https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/opinion/let-s-save-the-country-from-civil-war-22-55.html?click_from=category
[24]
https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/opinion/possible-scenarios-of-gen-g-movements-and-conflicts-50-63.html?click_from=category
[25] Gaurav Pokharel (2025 September 30), The Kathmandu
Post. How Nepali Army stabilised situation and ushered in a new prime minister https://kathmandupost.com/politics/2025/09/30/how-nepali-army-stabilised-situation-and-ushered-in-a-new-prime-minister?utm_source=chatgpt.com. Accessed on 27 October 2025.
[26] Times of India (2025 Sept. 9)
Nepal Army Chief's 'Final' Warning ‘WON'T TOLERATE':’ To Gen-Z Protesters After
Massive Violence, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YYZ0pQPM48Y
Accessed on 22 October 2025.
[27]
https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/opinion/nepal-s-impending-conflict-57-76.html?click_from=category
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